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'''a) Bortfeld Approximation (1961)'''
 
'''a) Bortfeld Approximation (1961)'''
 
With assumptions that there is slight change in the layer properties, Bortfeld generates this approximation :  
 
With assumptions that there is slight change in the layer properties, Bortfeld generates this approximation :  
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<math> R(\Theta _1) = \frac{1}{2}\ln \left ( \frac{V_{p2}\rho _2\cos \theta _1}{V_{p1}\rho _1\cos \theta _2} \right )+\frac{\sin^{2}\theta_1}{V_{p1}}\left ( V_{s1}^{2}-V_{s2}^{2} \right )\left [ 2+\frac{\ln\left ( \frac{\rho _2}{\rho_1} \right )}{\ln\left ( \frac{Vp_2}{Vp_1} \right )- \ln\left ( \frac{Vp_2 Vs_1}{Vp_1Vs_2} \right )} \right ] </math>
    
'''b) Aki, Richard and Frasier Approximation (1976)'''
 
'''b) Aki, Richard and Frasier Approximation (1976)'''

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