Changes

The Parana Continental Basaltic Province covers an area of 917,000 km² and has a volume of 450,000 km³.<ref name=Frank_2009>Frank, H. T., M. E. B. Gomes, and M. L. L. Formoso, 2009, Review of the areal extent and the volume of the Serra Geral Formation, Parana Basin, South America: Pesquisa em Geociências, v. 36, p. 49–57.</ref> It is composed mostly (90% of volume) by basaltic and andesitic basalts rocks with a tholeiitic affinity. Acidic rocks occur locally in the upper volcanic pile. Chemically the basalts were divided in two groups based in the TiO2 contents: The first group occurs dominantly in southern areas and has TiO2 lower than 2 wt.%, the second group has high TiO2 (>2%) and is dominant in the northern portion of the Parana Basin.<ref name=Bellieni_1984>Bellieni, G., P. Comin-Chiaramonti, L. S. Marques, A. J. Melfi, E. M. Picirillo, A. J. R. Nardy, and A. Roisenberg,1984, High- and Low Ti flood basalts from the Paran_a plateau (Brazil): petrogenetic and geochemical aspects bearing on their mantle origin: Neues Jahrb. für Mineral. Abh, v. 150, p. 272–306.</ref><ref name=Mantovani_1985>Mantovani, M. S. M., L. S. Marques, M. A. De Sousa, L. Civetta, L. Atalla, and F. Innocenti, 1985, Trace element and strontium isotope constraints on the origin and evolution of Parana continental flood basalts of Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil: J. Petrol., v. 26, p. 187–209.</ref> These two groups of basaltic rocks were sub-divided in six magma types:<ref name=Peate_1992>Peate, D. W., C. J. Hawkeswort, and M. S. M. Mantovani, 1992, Chemical stratigraphy of the Parana lavas (South America): classification of magma types and their spatial distribution: Bull. Volcanol, v. 55, p. 119–139.</ref>  Gramado, Esmeralda and Urubici (Ti/Y<300) in the south, and Pitanga, Paranapanema and Ribeira (Ti/Y>300) in the northern magmas.  

The Parana Continental Basaltic Province covers an area of 917,000 km² and has a volume of 450,000 km³.<ref name=Frank_2009>Frank, H. T., M. E. B. Gomes, and M. L. L. Formoso, 2009, Review of the areal extent and the volume of the Serra Geral Formation, Parana Basin, South America: Pesquisa em Geociências, v. 36, p. 49–57.</ref> It is composed mostly (90% of volume) by basaltic and andesitic basalts rocks with a tholeiitic affinity. Acidic rocks occur locally in the upper volcanic pile. Chemically the basalts were divided in two groups based in the TiO2 contents: The first group occurs dominantly in southern areas and has TiO2 lower than 2 wt.%, the second group has high TiO2 (>2%) and is dominant in the northern portion of the Parana Basin.<ref name=Bellieni_1984>Bellieni, G., P. Comin-Chiaramonti, L. S. Marques, A. J. Melfi, E. M. Picirillo, A. J. R. Nardy, and A. Roisenberg,1984, High- and Low Ti flood basalts from the Paran_a plateau (Brazil): petrogenetic and geochemical aspects bearing on their mantle origin: Neues Jahrb. für Mineral. Abh, v. 150, p. 272–306.</ref><ref name=Mantovani_1985>Mantovani, M. S. M., L. S. Marques, M. A. De Sousa, L. Civetta, L. Atalla, and F. Innocenti, 1985, Trace element and strontium isotope constraints on the origin and evolution of Parana continental flood basalts of Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil: J. Petrol., v. 26, p. 187–209.</ref> These two groups of basaltic rocks were sub-divided in six magma types:<ref name=Peate_1992>Peate, D. W., C. J. Hawkeswort, and M. S. M. Mantovani, 1992, Chemical stratigraphy of the Parana lavas (South America): classification of magma types and their spatial distribution: Bull. Volcanol, v. 55, p. 119–139.</ref>  Gramado, Esmeralda and Urubici (Ti/Y<300) in the south, and Pitanga, Paranapanema and Ribeira (Ti/Y>300) in the northern magmas.  

[[file:Parana-Etendeka_2.jpg|300px|thumb|{{figure number|2}}Distribution of magmatic and sedimentary rocks of the Parana Basin.<ref name=Rossetti_2014 />.]]

[[file:Parana-Etendeka_2.jpg|400px|thumb|{{figure number|2}}Distribution of magmatic and sedimentary rocks of the Parana Basin.<ref name=Rossetti_2014 />.]]

Acidic rocks are characterized by high crystallization temperatures. In the Paraná Basin, temperatures obtained by the coexisting pyroxenes method are 1,030 ± 38ºC:<ref name=Bellieni_1984 />. Chemically the acidic rocks are also divided in two groups<ref name=Bellieni_1984 /><ref name=Peate_1997>Peate, D.W., 1997. The Parana-Etendeka province. In: Mahoney, J.J., Coffin, M. (Eds.), Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Volcanism: Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 100. American Geophysical Union, pp. 217e245.</ref>

Acidic rocks are characterized by high crystallization temperatures. In the Paraná Basin, temperatures obtained by the coexisting pyroxenes method are 1,030 ± 38ºC:<ref name=Bellieni_1984 />. Chemically the acidic rocks are also divided in two groups<ref name=Bellieni_1984 /><ref name=Peate_1997>Peate, D.W., 1997. The Parana-Etendeka province. In: Mahoney, J.J., Coffin, M. (Eds.), Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Volcanism: Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 100. American Geophysical Union, pp. 217e245.</ref>