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Making regional tectonic maps (view source)
Revision as of 18:50, 30 January 2014
, 18:50, 30 January 2014Initial import
{{publication
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Critical elements of the petroleum system
| chapter = Sedimentary basin analysis
| frompg = 4-1
| topg = 4-123
| author = John M. Armentrout
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch04/ch04.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
Tectonic maps of a basin and surrounding areas, in combination with regional structure cross sections, give an overall impression of the geologic architecture of the basin and form the base from which other interpretations are made. A large-scale map shows the depth to the basement in the basin and the distribution of crustal types. Always be sure important tectonic elements are shown, such as specific fold belts and major faults.
==Tectonic map==
The figure below is a tectonic map of the GOM basin. It shows the following:
* Generalized depth to basement (approximately the base of Jurassic sedimentary rock)
* Distribution of four crustal types—continental, thick transitional, thin transitional, and oceanic
* Known distribution of mid-Jurassic evaporites (pre-marine evaporites)
* Several major structural features
The thickest sediments occur over the thin transitional crust, which has subsided beneath the load of more than [[length::14 km]] (>45,000 ft) of sedimentary rock. (For additional discussion of the structural framework, see .<ref name=ch04r50>Jones, J., O., Freed, R., L., eds., 1996, Structural Framework of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Gulf Coast Assoc. of Geological Sciences, 112 p.</ref>)
==Salt tectonic map==
The stratigraphic and tectonic history of the GOM basin is strongly affected by salt tectonics. As a consequence of differential loading of salt by sediment sourced from the North
American craton, the distribution of salt-cored structures is oldest in the onshore northern margin of the basin where Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic progradation resulted in salt-structure growth.
Offshore beneath GOM waters, evacuation of salt structures is oldest in the north and is progressively younger toward the south. However, there are Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous salt-cored structures along the Sigsbee Escarpment. Pliocene and Pleistocene depositional loading has displaced salt basinward and differentially loaded detached salt sills into salt-cored massifs and salt-cored diapirs.
The salt-withdrawal synclines formed by sediment loading result in bathymetric lows that serve as sediment transport pathways down the slope.<ref name=ch04r22>Bouma, A., H., 1982, Intraslope basins in northwest Gulf of Mexico: a key to ancient submarine canyons and fans: AAPG Memoir 34, p. 567–581.</ref> The presentday sea-floor bathymetry of the northern Gulf of Mexico slope reflects this transport-pathway lineation of salt-withdrawal synclines bordered by salt-cored anticlines (see Figure 4-41). The distribution of the sediment-thick synclines and salt-core anticlines persists through time, resulting in predictability of sediment transport avenues, depositional areas of potential reservoir sands, and conduits from deeply buried [[[[source rock]]s]] upward to the hydrocarbon traps (see Figures 4-54 and 4-55).
[[file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-41.png|thumb|{{figure number|4-41}}See text for explanation.]]
[[file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-54.png|thumb|{{figure number|4-54}}. Copyright: Hanor and Sassen (1990); courtesy Gulf Coast SEPM).]]
[[file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-55.png|thumb|{{figure number|4-55}}Based on data from Lovely and Ruggiero (1995, personal communication).]]
McGuinness and Hossack<ref name=ch04r66>McGuinness, D., B., Hossack, J., R., 1993, The development of allochthonous salt sheets as controlled by the rates of extension, sedimentation, and salt supply: Proceedings, Gulf Coast Section SEPM 14th Annual Research conference, p. 127–139.</ref> present an excellent discussion of palinspastic reconstruction of the stratigraphic record disrupted by salt tectonics. Jackson et al.<ref name=ch04r48>Jackson, M., P., A., Roberts, D., G., Snelson, J., S., eds., 1995, Salt Tectonics: AAPG Memoir 65, 454 p.</ref> and Simmons et al.<ref name=ch04r90>Simmons, G., R., Bryant, W., R., Lee, G., Fiduk, C., 1996, Regional distribution of salt and basin architecture in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, in Jones, J., O., Freed, R., L., eds., Structural Framework of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Gulf Coast Assoc. of Geological Societies Special Publication, p. 93–94.</ref> present a good discussion of salt distribution and tectonics.
The figure below shows salt structures in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico and adjacent interior basins.
[[file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-7.png|thumb|{{figure number|4-7}}Modified.]]
==See also==
* [[Assessing the impact of tectonics]]
* [[Making regional structural cross sections]]
* [[Determining plate tectonic setting and history]]
* [[Determining tectonostratigraphic history]]
* [[Using a tectonic history model for petroleum system analysis]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch04/ch04.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Critical elements of the petroleum system]]
[[Category:Sedimentary basin analysis]]
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Critical elements of the petroleum system
| chapter = Sedimentary basin analysis
| frompg = 4-1
| topg = 4-123
| author = John M. Armentrout
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch04/ch04.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
Tectonic maps of a basin and surrounding areas, in combination with regional structure cross sections, give an overall impression of the geologic architecture of the basin and form the base from which other interpretations are made. A large-scale map shows the depth to the basement in the basin and the distribution of crustal types. Always be sure important tectonic elements are shown, such as specific fold belts and major faults.
==Tectonic map==
The figure below is a tectonic map of the GOM basin. It shows the following:
* Generalized depth to basement (approximately the base of Jurassic sedimentary rock)
* Distribution of four crustal types—continental, thick transitional, thin transitional, and oceanic
* Known distribution of mid-Jurassic evaporites (pre-marine evaporites)
* Several major structural features
The thickest sediments occur over the thin transitional crust, which has subsided beneath the load of more than [[length::14 km]] (>45,000 ft) of sedimentary rock. (For additional discussion of the structural framework, see .<ref name=ch04r50>Jones, J., O., Freed, R., L., eds., 1996, Structural Framework of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Gulf Coast Assoc. of Geological Sciences, 112 p.</ref>)
==Salt tectonic map==
The stratigraphic and tectonic history of the GOM basin is strongly affected by salt tectonics. As a consequence of differential loading of salt by sediment sourced from the North
American craton, the distribution of salt-cored structures is oldest in the onshore northern margin of the basin where Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic progradation resulted in salt-structure growth.
Offshore beneath GOM waters, evacuation of salt structures is oldest in the north and is progressively younger toward the south. However, there are Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous salt-cored structures along the Sigsbee Escarpment. Pliocene and Pleistocene depositional loading has displaced salt basinward and differentially loaded detached salt sills into salt-cored massifs and salt-cored diapirs.
The salt-withdrawal synclines formed by sediment loading result in bathymetric lows that serve as sediment transport pathways down the slope.<ref name=ch04r22>Bouma, A., H., 1982, Intraslope basins in northwest Gulf of Mexico: a key to ancient submarine canyons and fans: AAPG Memoir 34, p. 567–581.</ref> The presentday sea-floor bathymetry of the northern Gulf of Mexico slope reflects this transport-pathway lineation of salt-withdrawal synclines bordered by salt-cored anticlines (see Figure 4-41). The distribution of the sediment-thick synclines and salt-core anticlines persists through time, resulting in predictability of sediment transport avenues, depositional areas of potential reservoir sands, and conduits from deeply buried [[[[source rock]]s]] upward to the hydrocarbon traps (see Figures 4-54 and 4-55).
[[file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-41.png|thumb|{{figure number|4-41}}See text for explanation.]]
[[file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-54.png|thumb|{{figure number|4-54}}. Copyright: Hanor and Sassen (1990); courtesy Gulf Coast SEPM).]]
[[file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-55.png|thumb|{{figure number|4-55}}Based on data from Lovely and Ruggiero (1995, personal communication).]]
McGuinness and Hossack<ref name=ch04r66>McGuinness, D., B., Hossack, J., R., 1993, The development of allochthonous salt sheets as controlled by the rates of extension, sedimentation, and salt supply: Proceedings, Gulf Coast Section SEPM 14th Annual Research conference, p. 127–139.</ref> present an excellent discussion of palinspastic reconstruction of the stratigraphic record disrupted by salt tectonics. Jackson et al.<ref name=ch04r48>Jackson, M., P., A., Roberts, D., G., Snelson, J., S., eds., 1995, Salt Tectonics: AAPG Memoir 65, 454 p.</ref> and Simmons et al.<ref name=ch04r90>Simmons, G., R., Bryant, W., R., Lee, G., Fiduk, C., 1996, Regional distribution of salt and basin architecture in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, in Jones, J., O., Freed, R., L., eds., Structural Framework of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Gulf Coast Assoc. of Geological Societies Special Publication, p. 93–94.</ref> present a good discussion of salt distribution and tectonics.
The figure below shows salt structures in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico and adjacent interior basins.
[[file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-7.png|thumb|{{figure number|4-7}}Modified.]]
==See also==
* [[Assessing the impact of tectonics]]
* [[Making regional structural cross sections]]
* [[Determining plate tectonic setting and history]]
* [[Determining tectonostratigraphic history]]
* [[Using a tectonic history model for petroleum system analysis]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch04/ch04.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Critical elements of the petroleum system]]
[[Category:Sedimentary basin analysis]]