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...divalent cation concentration is lower than the level required to prevent clay dispersion ...ines. These fines along with illite and kaolinite (which have lesser to no swelling tendency) are the primary maerials that disperse, migrate, bridge, and impa

...divalent cation concentration is lower than the level required to prevent clay dispersion ...ines. These fines along with illite and kaolinite (which have lesser to no swelling tendency) are the primary materials that disperse, migrate, bridge, and imp

...Stuck pipe''—the drill pipe adheres to the side of the borehole due to the swelling (stress relief) of the borehole walls behind the bit ...and most of the water moves upward. As compaction continues, however, the clay flakes become parallel, reducing vertical permeability. Sands and silts com

...te as grain coatings, pore fillings, and grain replacements. Virtually any clay mineral can occur in any of these modes, with [[kaolinite]], [[chlorite]], ...rtz overgrowths and thereby contributed to porosity preservation. However, clay grain coatings in other sandstones have promoted intergranular [[pressure s

...tain high oil flow rates because of ultra-low permeability, typically high clay and low carbonate contents, and organic richness whereby adsorption plays a ...lvation processes cannot easily be discriminated and the degree of solvent swelling is commonly unknown, the term sorption, instead of adsorption, is commonly

...re reservoir quality section. Third column: Green is oil in place; gray is clay bound water. Final column: Green is hydrocarbon generated and in place. Not ...5-WestTexas-Table1.jpg|'''Table 1''' Total Organic Carbon, Mineral Facies, Clay, and Open-Hole Log Differences Noted in the Wolfcamp A and B (Fairhurst and