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| part = Critical elements of the petroleum system | | part = Critical elements of the petroleum system | ||
| chapter = Oil–oil and oil–source rock correlations | | chapter = Oil–oil and oil–source rock correlations | ||
| − | | frompg = 8- | + | | frompg = 8-45 |
| − | | topg = 8- | + | | topg = 8-47 |
| author = Douglas W. Waples, Joseph A. Curiale | | author = Douglas W. Waples, Joseph A. Curiale | ||
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch08/ch08.htm | | link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch08/ch08.htm | ||
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==Example from the north sea== | ==Example from the north sea== | ||
| − | [[file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-36.png|left|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Typical biomarker-based oil–source correlation from the Central Graben of the North Sea. From Telnæs and Cooper;<ref name=ch08r53>Telnæs, N., | + | [[file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-36.png|300px|left|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Typical biomarker-based oil–source correlation from the Central Graben of the North Sea. From Telnæs and Cooper;<ref name=ch08r53>Telnæs, N., and B. S. Cooper, 1991, Oil-source rock correlation using biological markers, Norwegian continental shelf: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 8, p. 302–310., 10., 1016/0264-8172(91)90084-E</ref> reprinted with permission from Elsevier.]] |
[[:file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-36.png|Figure 1]] demonstrates a typical biomarker-based oil–source correlation from the Central Graben of the North Sea. The oil is reservoired in Upper Cretaceous rocks, whereas the [[source rock]] is from the Upper Jurassic. In this case, the sterane ratios indicate that the particular source rock sample analyzed may actually be more mature than the oil. Because of the similarity in maturities, the correlation is easier than for many less mature [[source rocks]]. The similarity in distributions of both triterpanes and steranes strongly supports a positive oil–source rock correlation in this instance. | [[:file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-36.png|Figure 1]] demonstrates a typical biomarker-based oil–source correlation from the Central Graben of the North Sea. The oil is reservoired in Upper Cretaceous rocks, whereas the [[source rock]] is from the Upper Jurassic. In this case, the sterane ratios indicate that the particular source rock sample analyzed may actually be more mature than the oil. Because of the similarity in maturities, the correlation is easier than for many less mature [[source rocks]]. The similarity in distributions of both triterpanes and steranes strongly supports a positive oil–source rock correlation in this instance. | ||
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Numbered peaks are hopanes. T<sub>s</sub> and T<sub>m</sub> are, respectively, 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneo-hopane and 17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane. Rearranged and regular steranes are indicated. | Numbered peaks are hopanes. T<sub>s</sub> and T<sub>m</sub> are, respectively, 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneo-hopane and 17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane. Rearranged and regular steranes are indicated. | ||
| − | ==Example from the | + | ==Example from the Gulf of Mexico== |
| − | [[file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-37.png|thumb|{{figure number|2}}(left) Sterane distribution of a typical oil from the northern Gulf of Mexico. (right) Oils from this area all have essentially identical sterane distributions. Copyright: Unocal.]] | + | [[file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-37.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|2}}(left) Sterane distribution of a typical oil from the northern Gulf of Mexico. (right) Oils from this area all have essentially identical sterane distributions. Copyright: Unocal.]] |
| − | [[:file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-37.png|Figure 2]] (left) shows the sterane distribution for a typical oil from the northern Gulf of Mexico. In this case, the distribution of 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H), 20R-cholestanes, -methylcholestanes, and -ethylcholestanes (that is, the C<sub>27</sub>, C<sub>28</sub>, and C<sub>29</sub> regular steranes, respectively) is used as a correlation parameter because it generally remains constant throughout the thermal generation of oil. Oils from this area all have essentially identical sterane distributions (right), suggesting they are related. | + | [[:file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-37.png|Figure 2]] (left) shows the sterane distribution for a typical oil from the northern [[Gulf of Mexico]]. In this case, the distribution of 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H), 20R-cholestanes, -methylcholestanes, and -ethylcholestanes (that is, the C<sub>27</sub>, C<sub>28</sub>, and C<sub>29</sub> regular steranes, respectively) is used as a correlation parameter because it generally remains constant throughout the [[Petroleum generation|thermal generation of oil]]. Oils from this area all have essentially identical sterane distributions (right), suggesting they are related. |
==Example from Oman== | ==Example from Oman== | ||
| − | [[file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-38.png|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Sterane and triterpane fragmentograms for representatives of the two families. From Grantham;<ref name=ch08r15 /> reprinted with permission from Elsevier.]] | + | [[file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-38.png|left|300px|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Sterane and triterpane fragmentograms for representatives of the two families. From Grantham;<ref name=ch08r15 /> reprinted with permission from Elsevier.]] |
| − | Two families of oils sourced from Precambrian rocks in Oman have been identified by Grantham.<ref name=ch08r15>Grantham, P. | + | Two families of oils sourced from Precambrian rocks in Oman have been identified by Grantham.<ref name=ch08r15>Grantham, P. J., 1986, The occurrence of unusual C27 and C29 sterane predominances in two types of Oman crude oil: Organic Geochemistry, vol. 9, p. 1–10., 10., 1016/0146-6380(86)90077-X</ref> [[:file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-38.png|Figure 3]] shows the sterane and triterpane fragmentograms for representatives of the two families. Triterpane distributions look very different (bottom figures) but in fact differ mostly in the tricyclic/pentacyclic ratio. This ratio is believed to be affected by maturity as well as by source, so this difference alone does not prove the families are different. The steranes, however, are very different. One family is dominated by the C<sub>29</sub> regular steranes (top left, peaks E, F, G, H) while the other contains almost exclusively C<sub>27</sub> regular steranes (top right, peaks A, B, C). |
Gas chromatograms (not shown) reveal the presence of a series of X-compounds in both families, diagnostic of Precambrian sources. | Gas chromatograms (not shown) reveal the presence of a series of X-compounds in both families, diagnostic of Precambrian sources. | ||
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==Sterane proportions== | ==Sterane proportions== | ||
| − | [[file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-39.png|thumb|{{figure number|4}}Relative proportions of C<sub>27</sub> – C<sub>29</sub> regular steranes in numerous oils from the two families (A and B). From Grantham<ref name=ch08r15 /> | + | [[file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-39.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|4}}Relative proportions of C<sub>27</sub> – C<sub>29</sub> regular steranes in numerous oils from the two families (A and B). From Grantham<ref name=ch08r15 />; reprinted with permission from Elsevier.]] |
The ternary diagram in [[:file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-39.png|Figure 4]] shows relative proportions of C<sub>27</sub> – C<sub>29</sub> regular steranes in numerous oils from the two families (A and B). The many oil samples analyzed are very consistent, showing clearly that two distinct families exist. Unfortunately, most correlation problems do not have such clean and neat solutions. | The ternary diagram in [[:file:oiloil-and-oilsource-rock-correlations_fig8-39.png|Figure 4]] shows relative proportions of C<sub>27</sub> – C<sub>29</sub> regular steranes in numerous oils from the two families (A and B). The many oil samples analyzed are very consistent, showing clearly that two distinct families exist. Unfortunately, most correlation problems do not have such clean and neat solutions. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| − | * [[Molecular parameter data]] | + | * [[Molecular parameter data for oil–oil and oil–source rock correlations]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Gas chromatography: data obtained]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS): procedures]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Organic compounds: environmental indicators]] |
* [[Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS): limitations]] | * [[Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS): limitations]] | ||
* [[High-performance liquid chromatography]] | * [[High-performance liquid chromatography]] | ||
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[[Category:Critical elements of the petroleum system]] | [[Category:Critical elements of the petroleum system]] | ||
[[Category:Oil–oil and oil–source rock correlations]] | [[Category:Oil–oil and oil–source rock correlations]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:49, 15 February 2022
| Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps | |
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| Series | Treatise in Petroleum Geology |
|---|---|
| Part | Critical elements of the petroleum system |
| Chapter | Oil–oil and oil–source rock correlations |
| Author | Douglas W. Waples, Joseph A. Curiale |
| Link | Web page |
| Store | AAPG Store |
Example from the north sea
Figure 1 Typical biomarker-based oil–source correlation from the Central Graben of the North Sea. From Telnæs and Cooper;[1] reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
Figure 1 demonstrates a typical biomarker-based oil–source correlation from the Central Graben of the North Sea. The oil is reservoired in Upper Cretaceous rocks, whereas the source rock is from the Upper Jurassic. In this case, the sterane ratios indicate that the particular source rock sample analyzed may actually be more mature than the oil. Because of the similarity in maturities, the correlation is easier than for many less mature source rocks. The similarity in distributions of both triterpanes and steranes strongly supports a positive oil–source rock correlation in this instance.
Numbered peaks are hopanes. Ts and Tm are, respectively, 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneo-hopane and 17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane. Rearranged and regular steranes are indicated.
Example from the Gulf of Mexico
Figure 2 (left) shows the sterane distribution for a typical oil from the northern Gulf of Mexico. In this case, the distribution of 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H), 20R-cholestanes, -methylcholestanes, and -ethylcholestanes (that is, the C27, C28, and C29 regular steranes, respectively) is used as a correlation parameter because it generally remains constant throughout the thermal generation of oil. Oils from this area all have essentially identical sterane distributions (right), suggesting they are related.
Example from Oman
Figure 3 Sterane and triterpane fragmentograms for representatives of the two families. From Grantham;[2] reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
Two families of oils sourced from Precambrian rocks in Oman have been identified by Grantham.[2] Figure 3 shows the sterane and triterpane fragmentograms for representatives of the two families. Triterpane distributions look very different (bottom figures) but in fact differ mostly in the tricyclic/pentacyclic ratio. This ratio is believed to be affected by maturity as well as by source, so this difference alone does not prove the families are different. The steranes, however, are very different. One family is dominated by the C29 regular steranes (top left, peaks E, F, G, H) while the other contains almost exclusively C27 regular steranes (top right, peaks A, B, C).
Gas chromatograms (not shown) reveal the presence of a series of X-compounds in both families, diagnostic of Precambrian sources.
Sterane proportions
Figure 4 Relative proportions of C27 – C29 regular steranes in numerous oils from the two families (A and B). From Grantham[2]; reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
The ternary diagram in Figure 4 shows relative proportions of C27 – C29 regular steranes in numerous oils from the two families (A and B). The many oil samples analyzed are very consistent, showing clearly that two distinct families exist. Unfortunately, most correlation problems do not have such clean and neat solutions.
See also
- Molecular parameter data for oil–oil and oil–source rock correlations
- Gas chromatography: data obtained
- Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS): procedures
- Organic compounds: environmental indicators
- Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS): limitations
- High-performance liquid chromatography
References
- ↑ Telnæs, N., and B. S. Cooper, 1991, Oil-source rock correlation using biological markers, Norwegian continental shelf: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 8, p. 302–310., 10., 1016/0264-8172(91)90084-E
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Grantham, P. J., 1986, The occurrence of unusual C27 and C29 sterane predominances in two types of Oman crude oil: Organic Geochemistry, vol. 9, p. 1–10., 10., 1016/0146-6380(86)90077-X
External links
| find literature about Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC |
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