Difference between revisions of "Seismic facies analysis"
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| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps | | part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps | ||
| chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps | | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps | ||
− | | frompg = 21- | + | | frompg = 21-35 |
− | | topg = 21- | + | | topg = 21-36 |
| author = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks | | author = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks | ||
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm | | link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm | ||
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| isbn = 0-89181-602-X | | isbn = 0-89181-602-X | ||
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− | '''Seismic facies''' are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of reflections whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, amplitude, and frequency, within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref> | + | '''Seismic facies''' are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflections]] whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude amplitude], and [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Frequency frequency], within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine [[lateral]] [[lithofacies]] and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref> Of these parameters, [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection pattern]] geometries are perhaps the most useful for calibration with lithofacies interpreted from [[Quick-look lithology from logs|well logs]], [[Core description|cores]], and [[Mudlogging: drill cuttings analysis|cuttings]]. |
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+ | [[file:AAPGBullFeb2013ZengFigure4.JPG|thumb|400px|Control of thickness tuning and frequency tuning on seismic facies. Amplitude and its instantaneous attribute models are calculated with 90° Ricker wavelets of 20-, 35-, and 80-Hz peak frequencies (or 26-, 45.5-, and 104-Hz predominant frequencies, respectively). No noise is added to the convolution models.<ref name=Zeng_2013>Zeng, Hongliu, 2013, Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 2, p. 201–221, DOI:[http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2013/02feb/BLTN12029/BLTN12029.HTM 10.1306/06011212029].</ref>]] | ||
==Reflection parameters== | ==Reflection parameters== | ||
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* Configuration (reflection geometry) | * Configuration (reflection geometry) | ||
* Continuity | * Continuity | ||
− | * Amplitude | + | * [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude Amplitude] |
− | * Frequency | + | * [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Frequency Frequency] |
− | * Interval velocity | + | * [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Interval_velocity Interval velocity] |
− | Depositional environment, sediment source, and lithofacies can be interpreted by grouping these parameters into mappable, three-dimensional seismic facies.<ref name=ch21r5>Bally, A., W., ed., 1987, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology 27], vol. 1, 124 p.</ref> The table below<ref name=ch21r31 /> summarizes the information obtained from each parameter. | + | [[Depositional environments|Depositional environment]], sediment source, and [[lithofacies]] can be interpreted by grouping these parameters into mappable, three-dimensional seismic facies.<ref name=ch21r5>Bally, A., W., ed., 1987, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology 27], vol. 1, 124 p.</ref> The table below<ref name=ch21r31 /> summarizes the information obtained from each parameter. |
{| class = "wikitable" | {| class = "wikitable" | ||
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| Amplitude | | Amplitude | ||
| | | | ||
− | * Velocity | + | * Velocity and density contrasts of individual interfaces |
* Bed spacing | * Bed spacing | ||
* Bed thickness | * Bed thickness | ||
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The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />). | The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />). | ||
− | + | # Divide each [[Depositional sequence identification|depositional sequence]] into seismic facies units on all seismic sections. | |
− | + | # Describe the internal [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection configuration]] and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/d/downlap.aspx downlap]. | |
− | + | # Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence. | |
− | + | # Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Interval_velocity interval velocity] or localized [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude_anomaly amplitude anomalies]. | |
− | + | # Integrate well and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data with seismic facies distribution. | |
− | + | # Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects. | |
− | + | # Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data. | |
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
− | * [[ | + | * [[Seismic facies analysis]] |
* [[Reflection configuration patterns]] | * [[Reflection configuration patterns]] | ||
* [[Seismic facies mapping]] | * [[Seismic facies mapping]] | ||
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[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]] | [[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]] | ||
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]] | [[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]] |
Latest revision as of 17:46, 4 February 2022
Seismic facies are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of reflections whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.[1] Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, amplitude, and frequency, within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within third-order sequences and their systems tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and fluid type changes.[2] Of these parameters, reflection pattern geometries are perhaps the most useful for calibration with lithofacies interpreted from well logs, cores, and cuttings.
Reflection parameters
There are five useful reflection parameters:
- Configuration (reflection geometry)
- Continuity
- Amplitude
- Frequency
- Interval velocity
Depositional environment, sediment source, and lithofacies can be interpreted by grouping these parameters into mappable, three-dimensional seismic facies.[4] The table below[1] summarizes the information obtained from each parameter.
Reflection parameter | Geologic interpretation |
---|---|
Configuration |
|
Continuity |
|
Amplitude |
|
Frequency |
|
Interval velocity |
|
Seismic facies analysis procedure
The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D seismic data (modified from [1]).
- Divide each depositional sequence into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
- Describe the internal reflection configuration and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, downlap.
- Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
- Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as interval velocity or localized amplitude anomalies.
- Integrate well and outcrop data with seismic facies distribution.
- Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
- Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences, in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: AAPG Memoir 26, p. 117–133.
- ↑ Vail, P., R., 1987, Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure, in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27, p. 2.
- ↑ Zeng, Hongliu, 2013, Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 2, p. 201–221, DOI:10.1306/06011212029.
- ↑ Bally, A., W., ed., 1987, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology 27, vol. 1, 124 p.