Difference between revisions of "Seismic facies analysis"

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  | part    = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
 
  | part    = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
 
  | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
 
  | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
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  | frompg  = 21-1
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  | frompg  = 21-35
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  | topg    = 21-68
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  | topg    = 21-36
 
  | author  = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
 
  | author  = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
 
  | link    = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
 
  | link    = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
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  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X
 
  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X
 
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'''Seismic facies''' are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of reflections whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, amplitude, and frequency, within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref>
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'''Seismic facies''' are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflections]] whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude amplitude], and [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Frequency frequency], within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine [[lateral]] [[lithofacies]] and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref> Of these parameters, [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection pattern]] geometries are perhaps the most useful for calibration with lithofacies interpreted from [[Quick-look lithology from logs|well logs]], [[Core description|cores]], and [[Mudlogging: drill cuttings analysis|cuttings]].
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[[file:AAPGBullFeb2013ZengFigure4.JPG|thumb|400px|Control of thickness tuning and frequency tuning on seismic facies. Amplitude and its instantaneous attribute models are calculated with 90&deg; Ricker wavelets of 20-, 35-, and 80-Hz peak frequencies (or 26-, 45.5-, and 104-Hz predominant frequencies, respectively). No noise is added to the convolution models.<ref name=Zeng_2013>Zeng, Hongliu, 2013, Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 2, p. 201–221, DOI:[http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2013/02feb/BLTN12029/BLTN12029.HTM 10.1306/06011212029].</ref>]]
  
 
==Reflection parameters==
 
==Reflection parameters==
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* Configuration (reflection geometry)
 
* Configuration (reflection geometry)
 
* Continuity
 
* Continuity
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* Amplitude
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* [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude Amplitude]
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* Frequency
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* [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Frequency Frequency]
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* Interval velocity
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* [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Interval_velocity Interval velocity]
  
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Depositional environment, sediment source, and lithofacies can be interpreted by grouping these parameters into mappable, three-dimensional seismic facies.<ref name=ch21r5>Bally, A., W., ed., 1987, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology 27], vol. 1, 124 p.</ref> The table below<ref name=ch21r31 /> summarizes the information obtained from each parameter.
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[[Depositional environments|Depositional environment]], sediment source, and [[lithofacies]] can be interpreted by grouping these parameters into mappable, three-dimensional seismic facies.<ref name=ch21r5>Bally, A., W., ed., 1987, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology 27], vol. 1, 124 p.</ref> The table below<ref name=ch21r31 /> summarizes the information obtained from each parameter.
  
 
{| class = "wikitable"
 
{| class = "wikitable"
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| Amplitude
 
| Amplitude
 
|
 
|
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*  Velocity-density contrasts of individual interfaces  
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*  Velocity and density contrasts of individual interfaces  
 
*  Bed spacing  
 
*  Bed spacing  
 
*  Bed thickness
 
*  Bed thickness
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The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />).
 
The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />).
  
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{| class = "wikitable"
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# Divide each [[Depositional sequence identification|depositional sequence]] into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
−
|-
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# Describe the internal [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection configuration]] and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/d/downlap.aspx downlap].
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! Step
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# Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
−
! Action
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# Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Interval_velocity interval velocity] or localized [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude_anomaly amplitude anomalies].
−
|-
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# Integrate well and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data with seismic facies distribution.
−
| 1
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# Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
−
| Divide each depositional sequence into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
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# Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.
−
|-
 
−
| 2
 
−
| Describe the internal reflection configuration and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, downlap.
 
−
|-
 
−
| 3
 
−
| Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
 
−
|-
 
−
| 4
 
−
| Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as interval velocity or localized amplitude anomalies.
 
−
|-
 
−
| 5
 
−
| Integrate well and outcrop data with seismic facies distribution.
 
−
|-
 
−
| 6
 
−
| Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
 
−
|-
 
−
| 7
 
−
| Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.
 
−
|}
 
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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* [[Facies analysis]]
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* [[Seismic facies analysis]]
 
* [[Reflection configuration patterns]]
 
* [[Reflection configuration patterns]]
 
* [[Seismic facies mapping]]
 
* [[Seismic facies mapping]]
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[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]  
 
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]  
 
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]
 
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]
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[[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]]

Latest revision as of 17:46, 4 February 2022

Seismic facies are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of reflections whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.[1] Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, amplitude, and frequency, within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within third-order sequences and their systems tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and fluid type changes.[2] Of these parameters, reflection pattern geometries are perhaps the most useful for calibration with lithofacies interpreted from well logs, cores, and cuttings.

Control of thickness tuning and frequency tuning on seismic facies. Amplitude and its instantaneous attribute models are calculated with 90° Ricker wavelets of 20-, 35-, and 80-Hz peak frequencies (or 26-, 45.5-, and 104-Hz predominant frequencies, respectively). No noise is added to the convolution models.[3]

Reflection parameters

There are five useful reflection parameters:

Depositional environment, sediment source, and lithofacies can be interpreted by grouping these parameters into mappable, three-dimensional seismic facies.[4] The table below[1] summarizes the information obtained from each parameter.

Reflection parameter Geologic interpretation
Configuration
  • Bedding patterns
  • Depositional properties
  • Erosion and paleotopography
  • Fluid contacts
Continuity
  • Lateral continuity of strata
  • Depositional processes
Amplitude
  • Velocity and density contrasts of individual interfaces
  • Bed spacing
  • Bed thickness
Frequency
  • Bed thickness
  • Fluid content
Interval velocity
  • Lithofacies estimations
  • Porosity estimations
  • Fluid content

Seismic facies analysis procedure

The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D seismic data (modified from [1]).

  1. Divide each depositional sequence into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
  2. Describe the internal reflection configuration and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, downlap.
  3. Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
  4. Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as interval velocity or localized amplitude anomalies.
  5. Integrate well and outcrop data with seismic facies distribution.
  6. Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
  7. Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences, in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: AAPG Memoir 26, p. 117–133.
  2. ↑ Vail, P., R., 1987, Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure, in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27, p. 2.
  3. ↑ Zeng, Hongliu, 2013, Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 2, p. 201–221, DOI:10.1306/06011212029.
  4. ↑ Bally, A., W., ed., 1987, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology 27, vol. 1, 124 p.

External links

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