Iraq petroleum geology

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Petroleum systems of the Tethyan region
Series AAPG Memoir
Chapter Iraq
Author George J. Grabowski Jr.
Link Web page
Store AAPG Store

There are more than 100 oil and gas fields in Iraq, containing more than 137 billion barrels of recoverable oil and more than 106 TCF of recoverable gas. Of this large resource, about 25 billion barrels of oil and 11 TCF of gas have been produced as of 2014.

Introduction[edit]

Nearly all of the oil and gas occurs in fields located within the Mesopotamian foredeep, Gotnia Basin, and Zagros foldbelt. Minor discoveries and shows have been found on the Arabian platform along the western flank of the Mesopotamian foredeep. There is one gas discovery (Akkas field) on the Arabian platform in western Iraq.

Ninety-eight percent of the oil and gas occurs in reservoirs of Cenozoic and Cretaceous age. The largest reserves occur in: 1) carbonate rocks of the Kirkuk Group (Lower Miocene–Oligocene), in fields within the Zagros foldbelt of northeastern Iraq, the largest being Kirkuk field; 2) carbonate rocks of the Mishrif Formation (Turonian–Cenomanian), in fields within the Mesopotamian foredeep and Zagros foldbelt in southern and central Iraq, including Rumaila, West Qurna, Majnoon, Halfayah, Zubair, and Buzurgan fields; and 3) siliciclastic rocks of the Zubair Formation (Albian–Barremian), in fields within the Mesopotamian foredeep and Zagros foldbelt in southern and central Iraq, including East Baghdad, Rumaila, West Qurna, and Zubair fields. Large reserves also occur in carbonate rocks of the Upper Cretaceous above the Mishrif Formation and in the Lower Cretaceous below the Zubair Formation. Smaller reserves occur in other Neogene and Paleogene carbonates and siliciclastics, in Jurassic and Triassic carbonates, and in Ordovician siliciclastics.

Most of the oil and gas that have been discovered were generated from organic-rich, oil-prone carbonates of the Jurassic Sargelu and Naokelekan Formations. These source rocks are widely distributed and mature for oil and gas generation across the Mesopotamian foredeep and Zagros foldbelt. Lesser amounts of oil and gas are derived from: 1) Upper and Lower Cretaceous oil-prone source rocks within the Zagros foldbelt; 2) Triassic oil-prone source rocks in northwestern Iraq; and 3) Silurian gas-prone source rocks in western Iraq. The oil generated from the Jurassic source rocks migrated vertically to fill stacked reservoir intervals in many fields. Lateral migration of oil occurred along the western margin of the Mesopotamian foredeep, as proven by small fields and large seeps that are located where source rocks are absent or immature for oil or gas generation.

Figure 1  Topographic map of Iraq, showing major cities and rivers, along with major oil and gas fields. Points of high elevation are indicated.

Physiography[edit]

The southern and western parts of Iraq are part of the broader Arabian platform of adjacent Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait (Figure 1). This is a sparsely populated area of desert and low hills, mostly 300–500 m (984–1640 ft) above sea level (msl). The highest elevation here occurs at Jabal ‘Unayzah, in the southwestern corner of the country, at 940 msl. Bedrock is exposed in these areas, largely Cenozoic but Mesozoic and Paleozoic in western Iraq.

The land slopes down to the floodplains of the Al Furat (Euphrates) and Dijlah (Tigris) Rivers, which flow from Turkey and Syria through the length of Iraq to the Gulf of Arabia via the Shatt al Arab. The elevation at the Iraq–Syria border is 300–400 msl. Al Furat follows the Anah Graben until it reaches the subsiding Mesopotamian foredeep (Figure 1). The Dijlah flows around the uplifted Sinjar Graben to flow across the low portion of the Zagros foldbelt to the Mesopotamian foredeep. The floodplains are covered by alluvium, terrace gravels, and eolian sands. There are many towns and cities, including Baghdad, An Nasiriyah, and Basrah, in the floodplains of these rivers.

Elevations rise in northeastern Iraq. Most of the Kirkuk embayment of the Zagros foldbelt is covered by Neogene sediments, except for elongated northwest-trending anticlines that expose older strata. Surface elevations rise up to 850 m (2788 ft) on the Qara Chauq Dagh anticline (Figure 1). There are many towns and cities in this region, including Mosul and Kirkuk.

The High Zagros Nappe zone further to the northeast is characterized by large anticlinal mountains that expose Cenozoic to Paleozoic sediments as well as igneous and metamorphic rocks. Elevations are higher across this region, reaching 3586 m (11765 ft) on the Iraq-Iran border east of Rowandaz (Figure 1). Major gorges cut by rivers, such as the Zab River that runs into the Dijlah River near Jabal Qara Chauq Dagh, form exposures that are the type sections for many formations. One effect of the surface relief of Iraq is the flow of groundwater deeply within the sediments of the Mesopotamian foredeep, from the somewhat higher Arabian platform in western and southern Iraq, as well as within synclines in the Kirkuk embayment of the Zagros foldbelt. Freshwater extends far into the subsurface because of these flows.

Tectonic setting[edit]

Iraq is located in the northern part of the Arabian tectonic plate. The basement rocks are presumed to be accretionary rocks assembled during the Late Precambrian Pan-African orogeny, although no wells reach the basement rock in Iraq. Bouguer gravity values are low in the northeast, presumably due to the extreme thickness of sedimentary rocks (Figure 2), and become progressively higher to the west onto the Khleisia High (Rutbah subzone of Jassim and Goff[1]) along the Iraq–Syria border. North- and northwest-trending basement grains are interpreted from gravity and magnetic data in southern, western, and northwestern Iraq as shown in Figure 2.

Northeastern Iraq, contiguous with Iran and Turkey, is part of the Zagros foldbelt, consisting of two zones (Figure 3). The High Zagros Nappe zone is a topographically high region characterized by tightly folded rocks and by ophiolite which was obducted onto the Arabian plate in the Late Cretaceous (Figure 4). Cretaceous and older sedimentary rocks and a suite of igneous and metamorphic rocks crop out in this region (Figure 5). There are no oil and gas discoveries in the High Zagros Nappe zone, although rocks containing bitumen and organic-rich rocks are exposed.

The main part of the Zagros foldbelt is topographically lower and is characterized by large anticlines trending to the northwest. In the southwestern part of the foldbelt, synclinal areas are covered by Neogene sediments. In the northwestern part of the foldbelt, Paleogene strata are exposed in synclines. The Zagros foldbelt forms a large structural embayment, called the Kirkuk embayment, in the overall Zagros foldbelt. Many oil and gas fields occur within this zone, as shown in Figure 3, including the super-giant Kirkuk field.

The central portion of Iraq is the Mesopotamian foredeep, an area of relatively deep-water deposition in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic that formed in front of, and which is less deformed than, the Zagros foldbelt (Figure 6). Structural features trend to the northwest in the Mesopotamian foredeep, parallel to the Zagros foldbelt trends, and are formed by both detached and basement-involved faults (Figure 4, Figure 6). Bouguer-gravity values are low in this foredeep (Figure 2), reflecting the thick sedimentary section. There are many oil and gas fields in the Mesopotamian foredeep (Figure 3), including the large East Baghdad field.

Figure 6 Interpretation from megaseismic line 7 (reproduced from Mohammed,[2] by permission from GeoArabia), which extends from the Arabian platform of southwestern Iraq across the Mesopotamian Foredeep to the Zagros foldbelt in eastern Iraq. 50 km (31.1 mi).

The southern part of the Mesopotamian foredeep is contiguous with the northern extension of the Gotnia Basin, an area of subsidence and deep-shelfal salt deposition during the Jurassic that extends into adjacent Kuwait. The Gotnia Basin (called the Zubair zone by Jassim and Goff[1]) is characterized by broad, low-angle anticlines that trend and plunge to the north. These anticlines form many oil and gas fields, including the super-giant Rumaila, West Qurna, Zubair, and Majnoon fields (Figure 3). Values of both Bouguer gravity and total magnetics are low (Figure 2), indicating a thick sedimentary sequence with a non-magnetic basement.

The Zagros foldbelt and Mesopotamian foredeep end at the Khleisia High (Rutbah subzone of Jassim and Goff[1]), a region of shallow basement and thin sedimentary cover, as interpreted from the high values of the Bouguer gravity map (Figure 2) and from the deep Khleisia 1 well which drilled to the Ordovician (Figure 5). Several east-trending extensional grabens that formed in the Late Cretaceous cut across and form the northern and southern boundaries of the Khleisia High (Figure 3). These include the Anah and Ashtar Grabens to the south (Figure 5), which appear as relatively low in the total magnetics map (Figure 2), and the inverted Sinjar Graben to the north, which is a low on Bouguer gravity. There are only a few small fields in northwestern Iraq (Figure 3).

Western and southern Iraq is part of the Arabian platform, a tectonically stable area which is only mildly deformed (Figure 4). The Ga’ara uplift in western Iraq is a large basement-involved high area where erosion has exposed Paleozoic strata. There are some small oil and gas discoveries on the Arabian platform in Iraq, mostly along the eastern edge, which is a structural monocline that flexes downward into the Mesopotamian foredeep (Figure 3). The most significant discovery is the Akkas field, located south of the Anah Graben, which contains gas in Paleozoic rocks.

Oil and gas fields[edit]

Table 1 lists the discoveries in Iraq (information in part from Jassim and Goff[1]; Verma et al.[3]), along with the hydrocarbon type and age of the main reservoir. The numbers refer to the locations of the fields as shown in Figure 3. Table 2 lists the fields by hydrocarbon type, structural province, structural style and trap type, source name, age and strata type, and volumes of in-place, estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR), produced, and remaining ultimate recoverable (RUR) oil and gas. The volumes data for oil and gas come mainly from Verma et al.[3] and Jassim and Goff,[1] except as noted in other references in this article.

Table 1 List of oil and gas fields and wells with oil and/or gas shows, giving the dominant hydrocarbon type (oil or gas) and reservoir age. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3
Field # Field name Hydrocarbon type Age of main reservoirs Field # Field name Hydrocarbon type Age of main reservoirs Field # Field name Hydrocarbon type Age of main reservoirs Field # Field name Hydrocarbon type Age of main reservoirs
1 Tawake Oil Cretaceous 31 Chemchemal Gas Triassic 61 Tel Ghazal Gas Cenozoic 91 Nasiriyah Oil Cretaceous
2 Sufaiyah Oil Cretaceous 32 Kirkuk Oil Cenozoic 62 Balad Oil Cretaceous 92 Samawa Oil Cretaceous
3 Mushorah Oil Cretaceous 33 Ismail Oil Cenozoic 63 East Baghdad Oil Cretaceous 93 Diwan Oil Cretaceous
4 Boheira Oil Cretaceous 34 Bai Hassan Oil Cenozoic 64 Nahrawan Oil Cretaceous 94 Ghalaisan Oil Cretaceous
5 Abtakh Oil Cretaceous 35 Qara Chauq Oil Triassic 65 Fallujah Oil Cretaceous 95 Shawiyah Oil Cretaceous
6 Ain Zalah Oil Cretaceous 36 Khabbaz Oil Cenozoic 66 Nafatah Oil Cretaceous 96 Safawi Oil Cretaceous
7 Gullar Oil Cretaceous 37 Sadid Oil Cenozoic 67 Hit Oil Cenozoic 97 Ubaid Oil Cretaceous
8 Gusair Oil Cretaceous 38 Khanuqah Oil Cenozoic 68 Awasil Oil Cretaceous 98 Majnoon Oil Cretaceous
9 Jabal Kand Oil Cretaceous 39 Makhul Oil Jurassic 69 Abu Jir Oil Cretaceous 99 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Oil
10 Raffan Oil Jurassic 40 Kor Mor Gas Cenozoic 70 Badrah Oil Cretaceous 100 Sindbad Oil Cenozoic
11 Butmah Oil Triassic 41 Jambur Oil Cenozoic 71 Dhafriya Oil Cretaceous 101 Siba Oil Cretaceous
12 Alan Oil Triassic 42 Pulkhana Oil Cenozoic 72 Ahdab Oil Cretaceous 102 Umm Qasr Oil Cretaceous
13 Sarjoon Oil Cretaceous 43 Judaida Oil Cenozoic 73 Afaq Oil Cretaceous 103 Zubair Oil Cretaceous
14 Ain Ghazal Oil Cenozoic 44 Hamrin Oil Cenozoic 74 Musaiyib Oil Cretaceous 104 Jabal Sanam Oil Cretaceous
15 Tel Hajar Oil Cenozoic 45 Ajil Oil Cenozoic 75 Kifl Oil Cretaceous 105 Tuba Oil Cretaceous
16 Ibrahim Oil Triassic 46 Tikrit Oil Cretaceous 76 West Kifl Oil Cretaceous 106 West Qurna Oil Cretaceous
17 Atshan Oil Triassic 47 Samarra Oil Cretaceous 77 Merjan Oil Cretaceous 107 Rumaila Oil Cretaceous
18 Adaiyah Oil Triassic 48 Mileh Tharthar Oil Triassic 78 Abu Ghirab Oil Cenozoic 108 Ratawi Oil Cretaceous
19 Qalian Oil Triassic 49 Khleisia Gas Paleozoic 79 Jabal Fauqi Oil Cenozoic 109 Subba Oil Cretaceous
20 Qasab Oil Cenozoic 50 Anah Oil Triassic 80 Buzurgan Oil Cretaceous 110 West Luhais Oil Cretaceous
21 Jawan Oil Cenozoic 51 Akkas Gas Paleozoic 81 Noor Oil Cretaceous 111 Luhais Oil Cretaceous
22 Najmah Oil Cenozoic 52 Chia Surkh Oil Cenozoic 82 Huwaiza Oil Cretaceous 112 Rachi Oil Cretaceous
23 Qaiyarah Oil Cenozoic 53 Qamar Oil Cenozoic 83 Halfayah Oil Cretaceous 113 Jerishan Oil Cretaceous
24 Hibbarah Oil Cenozoic 54 Gilabat Oil Cenozoic 84 Amara Oil Cretaceous 114 Khidr Al Maa Oil Cretaceous
25 Makhmour Oil Cretaceous 55 Injana Oil Cretaceous 85 Rifae Oil Cretaceous 115 Abu Kheima Oil Cretaceous
26 Hawler (Benenan) Oil Jurassic 56 Khashm Al Ahmar Gas Cenozoic 86 Muhainya Oil Cretaceous 116 Shaikan Oil Jurassic
27 Demirdagh Oil Cretaceous 57 Jaria Pika Gas Cenozoic 87 Kumait Oil Cretaceous 117 Miran West Oil Cretaceous
28 Quwair Oil Cenozoic 58 Nau Doman Oil Cenozoic 88 Dujaila Oil Cretaceous 118 Kurdamir Gas Cenozoic
29 Binabawi Gas Triassic 59 Naft Khaneh Oil Cenozoic 89 Rafidain Oil Cretaceous 119 Shakal Oil Cenozoic
30 Taq Taq Oil Cretaceous 60 Mansuriya Gas Cenozoic 90 Gharraf Oil Cretaceous 120 Bijeel Oil Jurassic
121 Bazian Oil Cretaceous
Table 2 List of oil and gas fields and wells with oil and/or gas shows. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3. Structural province refers to regions shown in Figure 3. Source name and age given only where proven by biomarkers. Volumes of oil and gas in-place, estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR), produced, and remaining ultimate recoverable (RUR) age given in millions of barrels of oil (MMBO) and billions of cubic feet of gas (BCFG). Condensate included in oil volumes. Information mainly from Verma et al.[3] and Jassim and Goff.[1] Additional references as shown. Comments reflect the impression of the author.
Field # Field name Hydrocarbon type Structural province Structural style Trap type Source name and age Source strata type In-place MMBO In-place BCFG EUR (Proved) MMBO EUR (Proved) BCFG Produced MMBO Produced BCFG RUR MMBO RUR BCFG Reference Comments
5 Abtakh Oil Zagros Foldbelt Anticline Show
78 Abu Ghirab Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 1040 572 6 3 1034 569 A bit low
69 Abu Jir Bitumen Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline Bitumen shows
115 Abu Kheima Oil & gas Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline 100 75 Small
18 Adaiyah Oil Zagros foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 10 0 Small
73 Afaq Oil Mesopotamian foredeep Anticline Show
72 Ahadab Oil Mesopotamian foredeep Anticline 1200 500 0 CNPC in The World Energy Weekly Low to IP
14 Ain Ghazal Oil Khleisia high Anticline Show
6 Ain Zalah Oil & gas Sinjar Trough Detached fold-thrust Anticline Triassic Basinal marine 295 90 194 54 101 36
45 Ajil Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 3000 5000 500 500 3 4 497 496 APS Review Downstream Trends 12/02/2002 Low to IP
51 Akkas Gas Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline Akkas Marine shale 7000 100 2500 www.investorsiraq.com Low to IP
12 Alan Oil and gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Triassic Basinal marine 165 55 Small
84 Amara Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 250 0
50 Anah Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline Show
17 Atshan Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 70 0 Small
68 Awasil Bitumen Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline Bitumen shows
70 Badrah Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 109 150 0 MoO (in EIG 2008)
34 Bai Hassan Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Naokelekan Basinal marine 2200 9200 473 284 1727 8916
62 Balad Oil & gas Mesopotamian Foredep Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline Naokelekan Basinal marine 1380 400 8 2 1372 398
121 Bazian Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 100 30
120 Bijeel Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 100 30
29 Binabawi Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 0 80 Estimated
4 Boheira Oil Zagros Foldbelt Anticline 100 0 Estimated
11 Butmah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Triassic Basinal marine 80 40 42 21 38 19
80 Buzurgan Oil & gas Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 1800 1080 125 81 1675 999
31 Chemchemal Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Balambo Basinal marine 25 2154
52 Chia Surkh Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 40 0 Small
27 Demirdagh Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Naokelekan Basinal marine 40 40
71 Dhafriya Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 130 0
93 Diwan Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline 150 0
88 Dujaila Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 260 0
63 East Baghdad Oil & gas Mesopotamian Foredeep Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline 8108 16,000 2500 13 2 15,987 2498 MoO (in EIG 2008) MoO smaller
65 Fallujah Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 180 0
94 Ghalaisan Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline Show
90 Gharraf Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 863 500 0 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
54 Gilabat Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Mixed Balambo/Naokelekan Basinal marine 98 120 0 MoO (in EIG 2008)
7 Gullar Oil Sinjar Trough Detached fold-thrust Anticline 10 0 Estimated
8 Gusair Oil Sinjar Trough Detached fold-thrust Anticline 35 0 Small
83 Halfayah Oil & gas Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 4098 700 700 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
44 Hamrin Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 1780 750
26 Hawler (Benenan) Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 100 100 Estimated
24 Hibbarah Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Show
67 Hit Bitumen Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline Bitumen shows
82 Huwaiza Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline 100 0
16 Ibrahim Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 30 0 Small
55 Injana Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Balambo Basinal marine 140 20
33 Ismail Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 200 0 Estimated
79 Jabal Fauqi Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 730 450 3 2 727 448
9 Jabal Kand Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 30 0 Small
104 Jabal Sanam Oil Gotnia Basin Salt-supported dome Faulted dome Show
41 Jambur Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 3100 9200 115 174 2985 9026
57 Jaria Pika Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 0 918
21 Jawan Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 100 25
113 Jerishan Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 80 0 Small
43 Judaida Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 200 0
36 Khabbaz Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 2000 3000 20 30 1980 2970
38 Khanuqah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 100 200
56 Khashm Al Ahmar Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 1765 75 1413 MoO (in EIG 2008 )
114 Khidr Al Maa Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline Show
49 Khleisia Gas Khleisia High Basement-involved fold Anticline Show
75 Kifl Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline 209 400 0 MoO (in EIG 2008) High to IP
32 Kirkuk Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Naokelekan Basinal marine 25,000 8220 14,177 5425 10,823 2795
40 Kor Mor Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 4500 30 1760 0 15 30 1745 EIA Country Brief Low to IP
87 Kumait Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 140 0
118 Kurdamir Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 523
111 Luhais Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 1060 500 49 23 1011 477
98 Majnoon Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 12,580 7600 5600 MoO (in EIG 2008)
25 Mokhmour Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 100 0 Estimated
39 Makhul Oil Zagros Flowbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 30 0 Small
60 Mansuriya Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 4100 50 3284 EIA Country Brief
77 Merjan Oil & gas Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline 156 200 100 MoO (in EIG 2008)
48 Mileh Tharthar Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline Show
117 Miran West Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 1000 100
86 Muhainya Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline Show
74 Musaiyib Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline Show
3 Mushorah Oil Zagros Foldbelt Anticline Show
66 Nafatah Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline Show
59 Naft Knaneh Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 430 340 114 99 316 241
99 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Salt-supported dome Faulted Dome 6500 9900
64 Nahrawan Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline 250 0
22 Najmah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 858 200 45 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
91 Nasiriyah Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 2000 500 0 APS Review Gas Market Trends 12/2/2002 Low to IP
58 Nau Doman Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 104 50 0 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
81 Noor Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 500 0
42 Pulkhana Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 145 0
23 Qaiyarah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 807 450 65 26 4 424 61 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
19 Qalian Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 15 0 Small
53 Qumar Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 73 200 250 MoO (in EIG 2008)
35 Qara Chauq Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 200 80
20 Qasab Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 200 50
28 Quwair Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Show
112 Rachi Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 870 0
10 Raffan Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 10 0 Small
89 Rafidain Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 500 0
108 Ratawi Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 2500 1356
85 Rifae Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Anticline 70 0
107 Rumaila Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline Naokelekan Basinal marine 30,000 20,000 7973 3662 22,027 16,338
37 Sadid Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 25 0 Small
96 Safawi Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline Show
47 Samarra Oil Mesopotamian Foredeep Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline Al Jawadi, 1990 Show
92 Samawa Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline 60 0 Small
13 Sarjoon Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 70 25 Small
116 Shaikan Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 1460 838 570
119 Shakal Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 240 12
95 Shawiyah Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline Show
101 Siba Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 3050 160 110 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
100 Sindbad Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline Show
109 Subba Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 2200 1100 2 1 2198 1099
2 Sufaiyah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 210 60 49 9 161 51
30 Taq Taq Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Mixed Balambo/Naokelekan Basinal marine 600 130 100 www.stockhoouse.com Low to IP
1 Tawke Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline Naokelekan Basinal marine 1300 230 0 1 229 DNO 18/12/08
61 Tel Ghazal Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached fold-thrust Anticline 0 900
15 Tel Hajar Oil Khlesia High Anticline Show
46 Tikrit Oil & gas Mesopotamian Foredeep Basement-involved fold Faulted anticline 500 145 7 2 493 143
105 Tuba Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline Naokelekan Basinal marine 615 430
97 Ubaid Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fault Fault trap Show
102 Umm Qasr Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline Show
76 West Kifl Oil Arabian Platform Basement-involved fold Anticline 182 400 0 MoO (in EIG 2008) High to IP
110 West Luhais Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 50 50
106 West Qurna Oil & ga Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 26,500 9800 9445 300 240 9500 9205 APS Review Downstream Trends 12/2/02 West Qurna Phase 2
103 Zubair Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-involved fold Anticline 8200 5920 1322 1058 6878 4862 12876 MBOIP

Table 3 lists the reservoir horizons and seals in fields that have produced oil and gas. The same information is shown for undeveloped fields in Table 4 and for small discoveries and wells with shows in Table 5.

There are 107 oil discoveries and nine gas discoveries in Iraq. The majority of these are in the Zagros foldbelt (53), the Mesopotamian foredeep (22), and the Gotnia Basin (18), and they account for over 98% of the oil and gas discovered.

The oil discoveries contain recoverable reserves of about 137 billion barrels of oil (gbo) and 93 trillion cubic feet of gas (tcfg). The largest oil fields are Rumaila (30 gbo), Kirkuk (25 gbo), and East Baghdad (16 gbo). Oil (and minor condensate) is about 89% of the per-barrel oil equivalent in Iraq.

The nine gas discoveries contain recoverable reserves of about 13 tcfg and 280 million barrels of liquid (mbl). The largest gas fields are Mansuriya (3.3 tcfg) and Akkas (2.5 tcfg).

To date, about 25 gbo and 11 tcfg have been produced from about 23 fields. The most has been from the Kirkuk (about 14 gbo) and Rumaila (about 8 gbo) fields.

Table 3 List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for fields that have produced oil and gas. Alternative or old reservoir names provided in comments column. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.
Age Sort Field # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Reservoir Strata Type Seal Name Seal Strata Type Comments
15 78 Abu Ghirab Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
44 78 Abu Ghirab Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
46 78 Abu Ghirab Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
40 6 Ain Zalah Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale "First Pay"
42 6 Ain Zalah Mushorah/Qamchuqa Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Argillaceous limestone "Second Pay"
10 45 Ajil Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
13 45 Ajil Jeribe/Dhiban Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
20 45 Ajil Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite
52 45 Ajil Chia Gara Early Cretaceous-Late Jurassic Carbonate Ratawi Shale
55 45 Ajil Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
60 45 Ajil Sargelu Middle Jurassic Carbonate Naokelekan Argillaceous limestone
12 34 Bai Hassan Jeribe/Kirkuk Group/Jaddala Miocene-Oligocene-Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
40 34 Bai Hassan Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
43 34 Bai Hassan Lower Kimetan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Kometan Argillaceous limestone
46 34 Bai Hassan Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Dokan Argillaceous limestone
48 34 Bai Hassan Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Sarmord Argillaceous limestone
41 62 Balad Hartha/Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
43 62 Balad Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
47 62 Balad Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Nahr Umr Shale
52 62 Balad Chia Gara Early Cretaceous-Late Jurassic Carbonate Ratawi Shale
64 62 Balad Alan Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite-Shale
40 11 Butmah Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale "First Pay"
70 11 Butmah Kurra Chine/Geli Khana Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Argillaceous limestone & anhydrite "Triassic Pay"
12 80 Buzurgan Jeribe/Kirkuk Group Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
44 80 Buzurgan Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
10 52 Chia Surkh Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
12 52 Chia Surkh Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
10 63 East Baghdad Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
41 63 East Baghdad Hartha/Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
43 63 East Baghdad Tanuma Late Cretaceous Carbonate Sadi Argillaceous limestone
44 63 East Baghdad Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
45 63 East Baghdad Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
47 63 East Baghdad Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 63 East Baghdad Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
12 79 Jabal Fauqi Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk Group Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
44 79 Jabal Fauqi Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
12 41 Jambur Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite "First Pay"
21 41 Jambur Euphrates/Serikagni Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite "Second Pay"
40 41 Jambur Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
12 36 Khabbaz Jeribe/Kirkuk Group Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
46 36 Khabbaz Upper Qamchuqa Early Cretaceous Carbonate
48 36 Khabbaz Lower Qamchuqa Early Cretaceous Carbonate
22 32 Kirkuk Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite "Main Limestone"
30 32 Kirkuk Pila Spi/Avanah/Jaddala Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite "Main Limestone"
40 32 Kirkuk Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
43 32 Kirkuk Lower Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Kometan Argillaceous limestone
46 32 Kirkuk Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Dokan Argillaceous limestone
48 32 Kirkuk Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Sarmord Argillaceous limestone
47 111 Luhais Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 111 Luhais Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
12 59 Naft Khana Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
12 23 Qaiyarah Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
41 23 Qaiyrah Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
10 107 Rumaila North Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
44 107 Rumaila North Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Mishrif Dense limestone
47 107 Rumaila North Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Santstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
48 107 Rumaila North Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Lower Nahr Umr Shale
49 107 Rumaila North Aubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale "Main Pay"
51 107 Rumaila North Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
58 107 Rumaila North Najmah Late-Middle Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
64 107 Rumaila North Mus Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite
10 107 Rumaila South Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
44 107 Rumaila South Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Mishrif Dense limestone
47 107 Rumaila South Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 107 Rumaila South Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
47 109 Subba Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 109 Subba Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
51 109 Subba Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
40 2 Sufaiyah Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
42 2 Sufaiyah Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl "Massive Limestone"
44 2 Sufaiyah Gir Bir Late Cretaceous Carbonate Gir Bir Argillaceous limestone
78 2 Sufaiyah Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Evaporite
30 1 Tawke Pila Spi Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite Press Releases
40 1 Tawke Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale Press Releases
48 1 Tawke Qamchuqa Early Cretaceous Carboante Press Releases
44 46 Tikrit Khasib/Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
46 46 Tikrit Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate
47 46 Tikrit Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 46 Tikrit Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
42 106 West Qurna Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Hartha Argillaceous limestone
43 106 West Qurna Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
44 106 West Qurna Mishrif/Rumaila Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
45 106 West Qurna Mauddud Late Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
49 106 West Qurna Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
50 106 West Qurna Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
51 106 West Qurna Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
66 106 West Qurna Alan Early Jurassic Carbonate Sargelu Shale
58 106 West Qurna Najmah Late-Middle Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
10 103 Zubair Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl "First Pay"
44 103 Zubair Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone "Second Pay"
47 103 Zubair Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 103 Zubair Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale "Third Pay"
49.5 103 Zubair Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Middle Zubair Shale "Fourth Pay"
51 103 Zubair Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
Table 4 List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for oil and gas fields that have not been produced. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.
Age Sort Field # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Reservoir Strata Type Seal Name Seal Strata Type Comments
41 72 Ahdab Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
43 72 Ahdab Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
44 72 Ahdab Mishrif/Rumaila Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
46 72 Ahdab Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
48 72 Ahdab Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
48 72 Ahdab Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Nahr Umr Shale
90 51 Akkas Khabour Ordovician Sandstone Akkas Shale
43 84 Amara Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
44 84 Amara Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
46 84 Amara Mauddud/Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
46 70 Badrah Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
121 Bazian Cretaceous ? Press Releases
120 Bijeel Jurassic ? Press Releases
40 29 Binabawi Upper Qamchuqa Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
40 29 Binabawi Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Evaporite
70 4 Bohaira Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Evaporite
30 31 Chemchemal Pila Spi Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
40 31 Chemchemal Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Shiranish Marl
43 31 Chemchemal Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Lower Shiranish Marl
30 27 Demir Dagh Pila Spi Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
40 27 Demir Dagh Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
41 27 Demir Dagh Bekhme Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Shiranish Marl
49 71 Dhafriya Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
41 93 Diwan Hartha/Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
47 93 Diwan Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
50 93 Diwan Ratawi/Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
58 93 Diwan Najmah/Sargelu Late-Middle Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
42 88 Dujaila Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Sadi Marl
44 88 Dujaila Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
44 90 Gharraf Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
49 90 Gharraf Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
51 90 Gharraf Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
8 54 Gilabat Injana Miocene Sandstone Injana Shale
10 54 Gilabat Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
12 54 Gilabat Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
40 8 Gusair Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
46 8 Gusair Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Mushorah Evaporite
12 83 Halfaya Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
42 83 Halfaya Sadi/Tanuma Late Cretaceous Carbonate Hartha Argillaceous limestone
44 83 Halfaya Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
44 83 Halfaya Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
47 83 Halfaya Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
51 83 Halfaya Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
13 44 Hamrin Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
44 44 Hamrin Mishrif/Rumaila Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
26 Hawler (Benenan) Alan Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite Press Releases
41 82 Huwaiza Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
42 82 Huwaiza Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Hartha Argillaceous limestone
43 82 Huwaiza Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
44 82 Huwaiza Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
47 82 Huwaiza Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
40 55 Injana Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Marl
41 55 Injana Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
22 33 Ismail Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
12 57 Jaria Pika Jeribe/Dhiban/Euphrates/Serikagni Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
12 21 Jawan Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
41 21 Jawan Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
12 43 Judaida Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
14 33 Judaida Dhiban Miocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite
20 43 Judaida Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite
22 43 Judaida Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Basal Serikagni Evaporite
43 43 Judaida Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Kometan Shale
12 38 Khanuqah Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
10 56 Khashm Al Ahmar Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
12 56 Khashm Al Ahmar Jeribe/Dhiban/Euphrates/Serikagni Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
47 75 Kifl Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 75 Kifl Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
58 75 Kifl Najmah/Sargelu Late-Middle Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
12 40 Kor Mor Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
44 87 Kumait Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
47 87 Kumait Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
118 Kurdamir Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite Press Releases
118 Kurdamir Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale Press Releases
9 98 Majnoon Ghar Miocene Sandstone Fatha Evaporite-Marl
8 98 Majnoon Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
40 98 Majnoon Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
41 98 Majnoon Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
42 98 Majnoon Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Hartha Argillaceous Limestone
43 98 Majnoon Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
44 98 Majnoon Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
46 98 Majnoon Ahmadi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
47 98 Majnoon Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
48 98 Majnoon Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Nahr Umr Shale
49 98 Majnoon Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
51 98 Majnoon Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
12 25 Makhmour Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
41 25 Makhmour Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
10 60 Mansuriya Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
12 60 Mansuriya Heribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
14 60 Mansuriya Dhiban Miocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite
41 77 Merjan Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
117 Miran West Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Shiranish Marl Press Releases
117 Miran West Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Press Releases
117 Miran West Up Qamchuqa Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale Press Releases
8 91 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Dibdibba Miocene Sandstone Dibdibba Marl
9 91 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Fatha/Ghar Miocene Carbonate/Sandstone Fatha Marl
43 91 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Khasib/Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
47 91 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 91 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
51 91 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
41 64 Nahrawan Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
44 64 Nahrawan Tanuma Late Cretaceous Carbonate Sadi Argillaceous limestone
45 64 Nahrawan Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
20 22 Najmah Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
41 22 Najmah Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
44 91 Nasiriyah Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
47 91 Nasiriyah Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
50 91 Nasiriyah Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
51 91 Nasiriyah Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
12 58 Nau Doman Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
44 81 Noor Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
47 81 Noor Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
12 42 Pulkhana Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
20 42 Pulkhana Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite
40 42 Pulkhana Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Marl
12 53 Qumar Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
46 35 Qara Chauq Mauddud/Jawan Early Cretaceous Carbonate Dokan Argillaceous limestone
51 35 Qara Chauq Lower Sarmord Early Cretaceous Carbonate Lower Sarmord Shale
61 35 Qara Chauq Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite-Marl
68 35 Qara Chauq Butmah Early Jurassic-Late Triassic Carbonate Adaiyah Evaporite
12 20 Qasab Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
20 20 Qasab Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite
41 20 Qasab Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
47 112 Rachi Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 112 Rachi Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
51 112 Rachi Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
44 89 Rafidain Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
46 89 Rafidain Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
47 89 Rafidain Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 89 Rafidain Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
50 89 Rafidain Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
51 89 Rafidain Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
44 108 Ratawi Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
45 108 Ratawi Ahmadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
46 108 ratawi Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
47 108 Ratawi Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
51 108 Ratawi Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
51 85 Rifaee Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
41 13 Sarjoon Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
44 13 Sarjoon Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Mushorah Argillaceous limestone
116 Shaikan Sarmord Early Cretaceous Carbonate Press Releases
116 Shaikan Barsarin-Mus Late-Early Jurassic Carbonate Press Releases
116 Shaikan Butmah-Baluti Early Jurassic-Late Triassic Carbonate Adaiyah Evaporite Press Releases
116 Shaikan Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Press Releases
200 Shakal Jaddala Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite Press Releases
49 101 Siba Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
51 101 Siba Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
30 30 Taq Taq Pila Spi Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
40 30 Taq Taq Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
43 30 Taq Taq Lower Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Kometan Argillaceous limestone
48 30 Taq Taq Qamchuqa Early Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Sarmord Argillaceous limestone
12 61 Tel Ghazal Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite
14 61 Tel Ghazal Dhiban Miocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite
20 61 Tel Ghazal Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite
10 105 Tuba Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl "First Pay"
44 105 Tuba MIshrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone "Second Pay"
47 105 Tuba Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Nahr Umr Shale
49 105 Tuba Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale "Third Pay"
49 105 Tuba Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Middle Zubair Shale "Fourth Pay"
51 105 Tuba Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale

The major reservoirs in Iraq are Cretaceous, and these are the main reservoirs in 69 discoveries. The recoverable reserves in Cretaceous reservoirs in all fields are estimated to be between 59 and 101 gbo and 15 to 55 tcfg. Similar, there are 32 discoveries with mainly Cenozoic reservoirs, with 24–46 gbo and 14–41 tcfg recoverable in all Cenozoic reservoirs. Only 10 discoveries are mainly in Triassic reservoirs, with recoverable reserves of 400–500 mbo and up to 6 tcfg, and three discoveries mainly from Jurassic reservoirs, with 580–1500 mbo and no gas. Estimates of up to 6 tcfg of gas occur in the Paleozoic at Akkas field, with shows in Khleisia 1.

Table 5 List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for wells with reported oil and/or gas shows. Comment field indicates where informatio comes from. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.
Age Sort Show # Show Structure Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Reservoir Strata Type Seal Name Seal Strata Type Comments
10 5 Abtakh Fatha Miocene Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
12 5 Abtakh Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
40 5 Abtakh Shiranish/Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
42 5 Abtakh Mushorah Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
64 5 Abtakh Mus Early Jurassic Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
68 5 Abtakh Butmah Early Jurassic-Late Triassic Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
70 5 Abtakh Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carboante Jassim and Goff[1]
75 5 Abtakh Geli Khana Middle Triassic Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
22 69 Abu Jir Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Euphrates Argillaceous limestone
50 115 Abu Kheima Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
51 115 Abu Kheima Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
55 115 Abu Kheima Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Chia Gara Argillaceous limestone
58 115 Abu Kheima Najmah Late-Middle Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
68 18 Adaiyah Butmah/Kurra Chine Early Jurassic\Late Triassic Carbonate Butmah Shale
20 73 Afaq Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene Carbonate Fatha Marl
41 73 Afaq Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
45 73 Afaq Ahmadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale
46 73 Afaq Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Mauddud Argillaceous limestone
12 14 Ain Ghazal Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
20 14 Ain Ghazal Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
60 12 Alan Sargelu Middle Jurassic Carbonate Sarmord Marl
70 12 Alan Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Evaporite-Marl
42 50 Anah Mushorah Late Cretaceous Carbonate
68 50 Anah Alan/Mus/Adaiyah/Butmah Early Jurassic-Late Triassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite
65 17 Atshan Adaiyah Early Jurassic Carbonate Adaiyah Evaporite
70 17 Atshan Kurra Chine/Geli Khana Late-Middle Triassic Carbonate Baluti Shale
47 68 Awasil Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Mauddud Shale
55 68 Awasil Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Sarmord Shale
41 65 Fallujah Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
44 65 Fallujah Maotsi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Maotsi Evaporite-Marl
55 65 Fallujah Najmah Late Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
47 94 Ghalaisan Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
8 54 Gilabat Injana Miocene Sandstone Injana Shale
10 54 Gilabat Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
12 7 Gullar Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
42 7 Gullar Mushorah Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
15 24 Hibbarah Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
41 24 Hibbarah Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Argillaceous limestone
46 24 Hibbarah Jawan Early Cretaceous Carbonate Jawan Evaporite-Marl
22 67 Hit Euphrates/Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-Marl
41 67 Hit Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl
70 16 Ibrahim Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Argillaceous limestone
m 40 9 Jabal Kand Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
40 104 Jabel Sanam Ahmadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
44 104 Jabel Sanam Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
47 104 Jabel Sanam Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Jassim and Goff[1]
49 104 Jabel Sanam Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Jassim and Goff[1]
43 113 Jerishan Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
44 113 Jerishan Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
46 113 Jerishan Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
47 113 Jerishan Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Jassim and Goff[1]
48 113 Jerishan Shuaibia Early Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
50 113 Jerishan Ratawi/Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
52 113 Jerishan Sulaiy Early Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
45 114 Khidr Al Maa Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Argillaceous limestone
47 114 Khidr Al Maa Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
49 114 Khidr Al Maa Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Member Shale
51 114 Khidr Al Maa Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
58 114 Khidr Al Maa Najmah Late-Middle Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
90 49 Khleisia Khabour Ordovician Sandstone Akkas Shale
63 39 Makhul Mus Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite
55 48 Mileh Tharthar Gotnia Late Jurassic Carboante Gotnia Evaporite
44 86 Muhainya Mishrif Early Cretaceous Carbonate
41 74 Musaiyib Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
50 74 Musaiyib Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
46 3 Mushorah Mushorah/Mauddud Late-Early Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Dense limestone
47 66 Nafatah Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
70 19 Qalian Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carboante Baluti Shale
20 28 Quwair Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
30 28 Quwair Pila Spi Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
40 10 Raffan Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale
60 10 Raffan Sargelu Middle Jurassic Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
66 10 Raffan Adaiyah Early Jurassic Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
12 37 Sadid Jeribe Miocene Carboante Fatha Evaporite
44 37 Sadid Jawan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jawan Marl
51 96 Safawi Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
41 47 Samarra Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous limestone
45 47 Samarra Maotsi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale
49 47 Samarra Garagu Early Cretaceous Carbonate Garagu Shale
52 47 Samarra Chia Gara Early Cretaceous-Late Jurassic Carbonate Sarmord Shale
49 92 Samawa Ratawi/Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale
58 92 Samawa Najmah Late-Middle Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
62 92 Samawa Alan/Mus Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite
40 95 Shawiyah Kifl/Rumaila Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Shale
47 95 Shawiyah Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
9 100 Sindibad Ghar Miocene Sandstone Jassim and Goff[1]
21 15 Tel Hajar Euphrates/Serikagni Oligocene Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
47 97 Ubaid Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale
44 102 Umm Qasr Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jassim and Goff[1]
47 102 Umm Qasr Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Jassim and Goff[1]
49 102 Umm Qasr Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Jassim and Goff[1]
41 76 West Kifl Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Argillaceous Limestone
58 76 West Kifl Najmah/Sargelu Late-Middle Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite
49 110 West Luhais Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Jassim and Goff[1]

Several conclusions can be drawn from these data:

  • Iraq is an oil province, with a lot of oil generated in superb source rocks.
  • The Cretaceous and Cenozoic are the most important reservoir intervals, and there are fewer discoveries in Jurassic and older rocks.
  • Some accumulations are very large, with large trap and reservoir volumes, commonly in stacked reservoir-seal pairs.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 Jassim, S. Z. and Goff, J. C., 2006, Geology of Iraq: Dolin, Prague, and Moravian Museum, Brno, 341 p.
  2. Mohammed, S. A. G., 2006, Megaseismic section across the northeastern slope of the Arabian plate, Iraq: GeoArabia, v. 11, no. 4, p. 77–102.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Verma, M. K., Ahlbrandt, T. S., and Al-Gailani, M., 2004, Petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources in the total petroleum systems of Iraq: Reserve growth and production implications: GeoArabia, v. 9, no. 3, p. 51–74.

External links[edit]

find literature about
Iraq petroleum geology
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