Iraq petroleum geology

Petroleum systems of the Tethyan region
Series	AAPG Memoir
Chapter	Iraq
Author	George J. Grabowski Jr.
Link	Web page
Store	AAPG Store

There are more than 100 oil and gas fields in Iraq, containing more than 137 billion barrels of recoverable oil and more than 106 TCF of recoverable gas. Of this large resource, about 25 billion barrels of oil and 11 TCF of gas have been produced as of 2014.

Introduction

Nearly all of the oil and gas occurs in fields located within the Mesopotamian foredeep, Gotnia Basin, and Zagros foldbelt. Minor discoveries and shows have been found on the Arabian platform along the western flank of the Mesopotamian foredeep. There is one gas discovery (Akkas field) on the Arabian platform in western Iraq.

Ninety-eight percent of the oil and gas occurs in reservoirs of Cenozoic and Cretaceous age. The largest reserves occur in: 1) carbonate rocks of the Kirkuk Group (Lower Miocene–Oligocene), in fields within the Zagros foldbelt of northeastern Iraq, the largest being Kirkuk field; 2) carbonate rocks of the Mishrif Formation (Turonian–Cenomanian), in fields within the Mesopotamian foredeep and Zagros foldbelt in southern and central Iraq, including Rumaila, West Qurna, Majnoon, Halfayah, Zubair, and Buzurgan fields; and 3) siliciclastic rocks of the Zubair Formation (Albian–Barremian), in fields within the Mesopotamian foredeep and Zagros foldbelt in southern and central Iraq, including East Baghdad, Rumaila, West Qurna, and Zubair fields. Large reserves also occur in carbonate rocks of the Upper Cretaceous above the Mishrif Formation and in the Lower Cretaceous below the Zubair Formation. Smaller reserves occur in other Neogene and Paleogene carbonates and siliciclastics, in Jurassic and Triassic carbonates, and in Ordovician siliciclastics.

Most of the oil and gas that have been discovered were generated from organic-rich, oil-prone carbonates of the Jurassic Sargelu and Naokelekan Formations. These source rocks are widely distributed and mature for oil and gas generation across the Mesopotamian foredeep and Zagros foldbelt. Lesser amounts of oil and gas are derived from: 1) Upper and Lower Cretaceous oil-prone source rocks within the Zagros foldbelt; 2) Triassic oil-prone source rocks in northwestern Iraq; and 3) Silurian gas-prone source rocks in western Iraq. The oil generated from the Jurassic source rocks migrated vertically to fill stacked reservoir intervals in many fields. Lateral migration of oil occurred along the western margin of the Mesopotamian foredeep, as proven by small fields and large seeps that are located where source rocks are absent or immature for oil or gas generation.

Figure 1  Topographic map of Iraq, showing major cities and rivers, along with major oil and gas fields. Points of high elevation are indicated.

Physiography

The southern and western parts of Iraq are part of the broader Arabian platform of adjacent Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait (Figure 1). This is a sparsely populated area of desert and low hills, mostly 300–500 m (984–1640 ft) above sea level (msl). The highest elevation here occurs at Jabal ‘Unayzah, in the southwestern corner of the country, at 940 msl. Bedrock is exposed in these areas, largely Cenozoic but Mesozoic and Paleozoic in western Iraq.

The land slopes down to the floodplains of the Al Furat (Euphrates) and Dijlah (Tigris) Rivers, which flow from Turkey and Syria through the length of Iraq to the Gulf of Arabia via the Shatt al Arab. The elevation at the Iraq–Syria border is 300–400 msl. Al Furat follows the Anah Graben until it reaches the subsiding Mesopotamian foredeep (Figure 1). The Dijlah flows around the uplifted Sinjar Graben to flow across the low portion of the Zagros foldbelt to the Mesopotamian foredeep. The floodplains are covered by alluvium, terrace gravels, and eolian sands. There are many towns and cities, including Baghdad, An Nasiriyah, and Basrah, in the floodplains of these rivers.

Elevations rise in northeastern Iraq. Most of the Kirkuk embayment of the Zagros foldbelt is covered by Neogene sediments, except for elongated northwest-trending anticlines that expose older strata. Surface elevations rise up to 850 m (2788 ft) on the Qara Chauq Dagh anticline (Figure 1). There are many towns and cities in this region, including Mosul and Kirkuk.

The High Zagros Nappe zone further to the northeast is characterized by large anticlinal mountains that expose Cenozoic to Paleozoic sediments as well as igneous and metamorphic rocks. Elevations are higher across this region, reaching 3586 m (11765 ft) on the Iraq-Iran border east of Rowandaz (Figure 1). Major gorges cut by rivers, such as the Zab River that runs into the Dijlah River near Jabal Qara Chauq Dagh, form exposures that are the type sections for many formations. One effect of the surface relief of Iraq is the flow of groundwater deeply within the sediments of the Mesopotamian foredeep, from the somewhat higher Arabian platform in western and southern Iraq, as well as within synclines in the Kirkuk embayment of the Zagros foldbelt. Freshwater extends far into the subsurface because of these flows.

• 

  Figure 2 Bouguer gravity (right) and total magnetic field (left) maps of Iraq, from Jassim and Goff, compiled by GEOSURV. The gravity map shows low values in the Zagros foldbelt and Mesopotamian foredeep due to the thick sedimentary section. Orientations of features trend to the north and northwest in southern, western, and northwestern Iraq, interpreted in part to be caused by the structural grain of Precambrian accreted terrains. 200 km (124.3 mi).

• 

  Figure 3 Map of tectonic provinces of Iraq, showing major structural features. Fields and significant wells with oil and/or gas shows are shown; numbers refer to Tables 1–5. Red lines are approximate locations of stratigraphic charts in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Tectonic setting

Iraq is located in the northern part of the Arabian tectonic plate. The basement rocks are presumed to be accretionary rocks assembled during the Late Precambrian Pan-African orogeny, although no wells reach the basement rock in Iraq. Bouguer gravity values are low in the northeast, presumably due to the extreme thickness of sedimentary rocks (Figure 2), and become progressively higher to the west onto the Khleisia High (Rutbah subzone of Jassim and Goff) along the Iraq–Syria border. North- and northwest-trending basement grains are interpreted from gravity and magnetic data in southern, western, and northwestern Iraq as shown in Figure 2.

Northeastern Iraq, contiguous with Iran and Turkey, is part of the Zagros foldbelt, consisting of two zones (Figure 3). The High Zagros Nappe zone is a topographically high region characterized by tightly folded rocks and by ophiolite which was obducted onto the Arabian plate in the Late Cretaceous (Figure 4). Cretaceous and older sedimentary rocks and a suite of igneous and metamorphic rocks crop out in this region (Figure 5). There are no oil and gas discoveries in the High Zagros Nappe zone, although rocks containing bitumen and organic-rich rocks are exposed.

• 

  Figure 4 Regional geologic cross section, which extends NE across central Iraq, from the Arabian platform of southwestern Iraq, at the border with Saudi Arabia, across the Mesopotamian Foredeep and Zagros foldbelt in eastern Iraq and adjacent Iran, and ending at the Sirjan-Sanandaj zone in Iran.

• 

  Figure 5 Regional geologic cross section which extends NE across western Iraq, from the Arabian platform at the border with Jordan, across the Mesopotamian Foredeep and Zagros foldbelt in northwestern Iraq, and ending in adjacent Turkey.

The main part of the Zagros foldbelt is topographically lower and is characterized by large anticlines trending to the northwest. In the southwestern part of the foldbelt, synclinal areas are covered by Neogene sediments. In the northwestern part of the foldbelt, Paleogene strata are exposed in synclines. The Zagros foldbelt forms a large structural embayment, called the Kirkuk embayment, in the overall Zagros foldbelt. Many oil and gas fields occur within this zone, as shown in Figure 3, including the super-giant Kirkuk field.

The central portion of Iraq is the Mesopotamian foredeep, an area of relatively deep-water deposition in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic that formed in front of, and which is less deformed than, the Zagros foldbelt (Figure 6). Structural features trend to the northwest in the Mesopotamian foredeep, parallel to the Zagros foldbelt trends, and are formed by both detached and basement-involved faults (Figure 4, Figure 6). Bouguer-gravity values are low in this foredeep (Figure 2), reflecting the thick sedimentary section. There are many oil and gas fields in the Mesopotamian foredeep (Figure 3), including the large East Baghdad field.

Figure 6 Interpretation from megaseismic line 7 (reproduced from Mohammed, by permission from GeoArabia), which extends from the Arabian platform of southwestern Iraq across the Mesopotamian Foredeep to the Zagros foldbelt in eastern Iraq. 50 km (31.1 mi).

The southern part of the Mesopotamian foredeep is contiguous with the northern extension of the Gotnia Basin, an area of subsidence and deep-shelfal salt deposition during the Jurassic that extends into adjacent Kuwait. The Gotnia Basin (called the Zubair zone by Jassim and Goff) is characterized by broad, low-angle anticlines that trend and plunge to the north. These anticlines form many oil and gas fields, including the super-giant Rumaila, West Qurna, Zubair, and Majnoon fields (Figure 3). Values of both Bouguer gravity and total magnetics are low (Figure 2), indicating a thick sedimentary sequence with a non-magnetic basement.

The Zagros foldbelt and Mesopotamian foredeep end at the Khleisia High (Rutbah subzone of Jassim and Goff), a region of shallow basement and thin sedimentary cover, as interpreted from the high values of the Bouguer gravity map (Figure 2) and from the deep Khleisia 1 well which drilled to the Ordovician (Figure 5). Several east-trending extensional grabens that formed in the Late Cretaceous cut across and form the northern and southern boundaries of the Khleisia High (Figure 3). These include the Anah and Ashtar Grabens to the south (Figure 5), which appear as relatively low in the total magnetics map (Figure 2), and the inverted Sinjar Graben to the north, which is a low on Bouguer gravity. There are only a few small fields in northwestern Iraq (Figure 3).

Western and southern Iraq is part of the Arabian platform, a tectonically stable area which is only mildly deformed (Figure 4). The Ga’ara uplift in western Iraq is a large basement-involved high area where erosion has exposed Paleozoic strata. There are some small oil and gas discoveries on the Arabian platform in Iraq, mostly along the eastern edge, which is a structural monocline that flexes downward into the Mesopotamian foredeep (Figure 3). The most significant discovery is the Akkas field, located south of the Anah Graben, which contains gas in Paleozoic rocks.

Oil and gas fields

Table 1 lists the discoveries in Iraq (information in part from Jassim and Goff; Verma et al.), along with the hydrocarbon type and age of the main reservoir. The numbers refer to the locations of the fields as shown in Figure 3. Table 2 lists the fields by hydrocarbon type, structural province, structural style and trap type, source name, age and strata type, and volumes of in-place, estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR), produced, and remaining ultimate recoverable (RUR) oil and gas. The volumes data for oil and gas come mainly from Verma et al. and Jassim and Goff, except as noted in other references in this article.

Table 1 List of oil and gas fields and wells with oil and/or gas shows, giving the dominant hydrocarbon type (oil or gas) and reservoir age. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3

Field #	Field name	Hydrocarbon type	Age of main reservoirs	Field #	Field name	Hydrocarbon type	Age of main reservoirs	Field #	Field name	Hydrocarbon type	Age of main reservoirs	Field #	Field name	Hydrocarbon type	Age of main reservoirs
1	Tawake	Oil	Cretaceous	31	Chemchemal	Gas	Triassic	61	Tel Ghazal	Gas	Cenozoic	91	Nasiriyah	Oil	Cretaceous
2	Sufaiyah	Oil	Cretaceous	32	Kirkuk	Oil	Cenozoic	62	Balad	Oil	Cretaceous	92	Samawa	Oil	Cretaceous
3	Mushorah	Oil	Cretaceous	33	Ismail	Oil	Cenozoic	63	East Baghdad	Oil	Cretaceous	93	Diwan	Oil	Cretaceous
4	Boheira	Oil	Cretaceous	34	Bai Hassan	Oil	Cenozoic	64	Nahrawan	Oil	Cretaceous	94	Ghalaisan	Oil	Cretaceous
5	Abtakh	Oil	Cretaceous	35	Qara Chauq	Oil	Triassic	65	Fallujah	Oil	Cretaceous	95	Shawiyah	Oil	Cretaceous
6	Ain Zalah	Oil	Cretaceous	36	Khabbaz	Oil	Cenozoic	66	Nafatah	Oil	Cretaceous	96	Safawi	Oil	Cretaceous
7	Gullar	Oil	Cretaceous	37	Sadid	Oil	Cenozoic	67	Hit	Oil	Cenozoic	97	Ubaid	Oil	Cretaceous
8	Gusair	Oil	Cretaceous	38	Khanuqah	Oil	Cenozoic	68	Awasil	Oil	Cretaceous	98	Majnoon	Oil	Cretaceous
9	Jabal Kand	Oil	Cretaceous	39	Makhul	Oil	Jurassic	69	Abu Jir	Oil	Cretaceous	99	Nahr Umr/Bin Umar	Oil
10	Raffan	Oil	Jurassic	40	Kor Mor	Gas	Cenozoic	70	Badrah	Oil	Cretaceous	100	Sindbad	Oil	Cenozoic
11	Butmah	Oil	Triassic	41	Jambur	Oil	Cenozoic	71	Dhafriya	Oil	Cretaceous	101	Siba	Oil	Cretaceous
12	Alan	Oil	Triassic	42	Pulkhana	Oil	Cenozoic	72	Ahdab	Oil	Cretaceous	102	Umm Qasr	Oil	Cretaceous
13	Sarjoon	Oil	Cretaceous	43	Judaida	Oil	Cenozoic	73	Afaq	Oil	Cretaceous	103	Zubair	Oil	Cretaceous
14	Ain Ghazal	Oil	Cenozoic	44	Hamrin	Oil	Cenozoic	74	Musaiyib	Oil	Cretaceous	104	Jabal Sanam	Oil	Cretaceous
15	Tel Hajar	Oil	Cenozoic	45	Ajil	Oil	Cenozoic	75	Kifl	Oil	Cretaceous	105	Tuba	Oil	Cretaceous
16	Ibrahim	Oil	Triassic	46	Tikrit	Oil	Cretaceous	76	West Kifl	Oil	Cretaceous	106	West Qurna	Oil	Cretaceous
17	Atshan	Oil	Triassic	47	Samarra	Oil	Cretaceous	77	Merjan	Oil	Cretaceous	107	Rumaila	Oil	Cretaceous
18	Adaiyah	Oil	Triassic	48	Mileh Tharthar	Oil	Triassic	78	Abu Ghirab	Oil	Cenozoic	108	Ratawi	Oil	Cretaceous
19	Qalian	Oil	Triassic	49	Khleisia	Gas	Paleozoic	79	Jabal Fauqi	Oil	Cenozoic	109	Subba	Oil	Cretaceous
20	Qasab	Oil	Cenozoic	50	Anah	Oil	Triassic	80	Buzurgan	Oil	Cretaceous	110	West Luhais	Oil	Cretaceous
21	Jawan	Oil	Cenozoic	51	Akkas	Gas	Paleozoic	81	Noor	Oil	Cretaceous	111	Luhais	Oil	Cretaceous
22	Najmah	Oil	Cenozoic	52	Chia Surkh	Oil	Cenozoic	82	Huwaiza	Oil	Cretaceous	112	Rachi	Oil	Cretaceous
23	Qaiyarah	Oil	Cenozoic	53	Qamar	Oil	Cenozoic	83	Halfayah	Oil	Cretaceous	113	Jerishan	Oil	Cretaceous
24	Hibbarah	Oil	Cenozoic	54	Gilabat	Oil	Cenozoic	84	Amara	Oil	Cretaceous	114	Khidr Al Maa	Oil	Cretaceous
25	Makhmour	Oil	Cretaceous	55	Injana	Oil	Cretaceous	85	Rifae	Oil	Cretaceous	115	Abu Kheima	Oil	Cretaceous
26	Hawler (Benenan)	Oil	Jurassic	56	Khashm Al Ahmar	Gas	Cenozoic	86	Muhainya	Oil	Cretaceous	116	Shaikan	Oil	Jurassic
27	Demirdagh	Oil	Cretaceous	57	Jaria Pika	Gas	Cenozoic	87	Kumait	Oil	Cretaceous	117	Miran West	Oil	Cretaceous
28	Quwair	Oil	Cenozoic	58	Nau Doman	Oil	Cenozoic	88	Dujaila	Oil	Cretaceous	118	Kurdamir	Gas	Cenozoic
29	Binabawi	Gas	Triassic	59	Naft Khaneh	Oil	Cenozoic	89	Rafidain	Oil	Cretaceous	119	Shakal	Oil	Cenozoic
30	Taq Taq	Oil	Cretaceous	60	Mansuriya	Gas	Cenozoic	90	Gharraf	Oil	Cretaceous	120	Bijeel	Oil	Jurassic
												121	Bazian	Oil	Cretaceous

Table 2 List of oil and gas fields and wells with oil and/or gas shows. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3. Structural province refers to regions shown in Figure 3. Source name and age given only where proven by biomarkers. Volumes of oil and gas in-place, estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR), produced, and remaining ultimate recoverable (RUR) age given in millions of barrels of oil (MMBO) and billions of cubic feet of gas (BCFG). Condensate included in oil volumes. Information mainly from Verma et al. and Jassim and Goff. Additional references as shown. Comments reflect the impression of the author.

Field #	Field name	Hydrocarbon type	Structural province	Structural style	Trap type	Source name and age	Source strata type	In-place MMBO	In-place BCFG	EUR (Proved) MMBO	EUR (Proved) BCFG	Produced MMBO	Produced BCFG	RUR MMBO	RUR BCFG	Reference	Comments
5	Abtakh	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt		Anticline												Show
78	Abu Ghirab	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					1040	572	6	3	1034	569		A bit low
69	Abu Jir	Bitumen	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline												Bitumen shows
115	Abu Kheima	Oil & gas	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					100	75						Small
18	Adaiyah	Oil	Zagros foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					10	0						Small
73	Afaq	Oil	Mesopotamian foredeep		Anticline												Show
72	Ahadab	Oil	Mesopotamian foredeep		Anticline			1200		500	0					CNPC in The World Energy Weekly	Low to IP
14	Ain Ghazal	Oil	Khleisia high		Anticline												Show
6	Ain Zalah	Oil & gas	Sinjar Trough	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Triassic	Basinal marine			295	90	194	54	101	36
45	Ajil	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline			3000	5000	500	500	3	4	497	496	APS Review Downstream Trends 12/02/2002	Low to IP
51	Akkas	Gas	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline	Akkas	Marine shale		7000	100	2500					www.investorsiraq.com	Low to IP
12	Alan	Oil and gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Triassic	Basinal marine			165	55						Small
84	Amara	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					250	0
50	Anah	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline												Show
17	Atshan	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					70	0						Small
68	Awasil	Bitumen	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline												Bitumen shows
70	Badrah	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline			109		150	0					MoO (in EIG 2008)
34	Bai Hassan	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Naokelekan	Basinal marine			2200	9200	473	284	1727	8916
62	Balad	Oil & gas	Mesopotamian Foredep	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline	Naokelekan	Basinal marine			1380	400	8	2	1372	398
121	Bazian	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					100	30
120	Bijeel	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					100	30
29	Binabawi	Gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					0	80						Estimated
4	Boheira	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt		Anticline					100	0						Estimated
11	Butmah	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Triassic	Basinal marine			80	40	42	21	38	19
80	Buzurgan	Oil & gas	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					1800	1080	125	81	1675	999
31	Chemchemal	Gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Balambo	Basinal marine			25	2154
52	Chia Surkh	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					40	0						Small
27	Demirdagh	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Naokelekan	Basinal marine			40	40
71	Dhafriya	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					130	0
93	Diwan	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					150	0
88	Dujaila	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					260	0
63	East Baghdad	Oil & gas	Mesopotamian Foredeep	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline			8108		16,000	2500	13	2	15,987	2498	MoO (in EIG 2008)	MoO smaller
65	Fallujah	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					180	0
94	Ghalaisan	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline												Show
90	Gharraf	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline			863		500	0					MoO (in EIG 2008)	Low to IP
54	Gilabat	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Mixed Balambo/Naokelekan	Basinal marine	98		120	0					MoO (in EIG 2008)
7	Gullar	Oil	Sinjar Trough	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					10	0						Estimated
8	Gusair	Oil	Sinjar Trough	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					35	0						Small
83	Halfayah	Oil & gas	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline			4098		700	700					MoO (in EIG 2008)	Low to IP
44	Hamrin	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					1780	750
26	Hawler (Benenan)	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					100	100						Estimated
24	Hibbarah	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline												Show
67	Hit	Bitumen	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline												Bitumen shows
82	Huwaiza	Oil	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline					100	0
16	Ibrahim	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					30	0						Small
55	Injana	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Balambo	Basinal marine			140	20
33	Ismail	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					200	0						Estimated
79	Jabal Fauqi	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					730	450	3	2	727	448
9	Jabal Kand	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					30	0						Small
104	Jabal Sanam	Oil	Gotnia Basin	Salt-supported dome	Faulted dome												Show
41	Jambur	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					3100	9200	115	174	2985	9026
57	Jaria Pika	Gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					0	918
21	Jawan	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					100	25
113	Jerishan	Oil	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					80	0						Small
43	Judaida	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					200	0
36	Khabbaz	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					2000	3000	20	30	1980	2970
38	Khanuqah	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					100	200
56	Khashm Al Ahmar	Gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline				1765	75	1413					MoO (in EIG 2008 )
114	Khidr Al Maa	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline												Show
49	Khleisia	Gas	Khleisia High	Basement-involved fold	Anticline												Show
75	Kifl	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline			209		400	0					MoO (in EIG 2008)	High to IP
32	Kirkuk	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Naokelekan	Basinal marine			25,000	8220	14,177	5425	10,823	2795
40	Kor Mor	Gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline				4500	30	1760	0	15	30	1745	EIA Country Brief	Low to IP
87	Kumait	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					140	0
118	Kurdamir	Gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline						523
111	Luhais	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					1060	500	49	23	1011	477
98	Majnoon	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline			12,580		7600	5600					MoO (in EIG 2008)
25	Mokhmour	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					100	0						Estimated
39	Makhul	Oil	Zagros Flowbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					30	0						Small
60	Mansuriya	Gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline				4100	50	3284					EIA Country Brief
77	Merjan	Oil & gas	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline			156		200	100					MoO (in EIG 2008)
48	Mileh Tharthar	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline												Show
117	Miran West	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					1000	100
86	Muhainya	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline												Show
74	Musaiyib	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline												Show
3	Mushorah	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt		Anticline												Show
66	Nafatah	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline												Show
59	Naft Knaneh	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					430	340	114	99	316	241
99	Nahr Umr/Bin Umar	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Salt-supported dome	Faulted Dome					6500	9900
64	Nahrawan	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline					250	0
22	Najmah	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline			858		200	45					MoO (in EIG 2008)	Low to IP
91	Nasiriyah	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline			2000		500	0					APS Review Gas Market Trends 12/2/2002	Low to IP
58	Nau Doman	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline			104		50	0					MoO (in EIG 2008)	Low to IP
81	Noor	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					500	0
42	Pulkhana	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					145	0
23	Qaiyarah	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline			807		450	65	26	4	424	61	MoO (in EIG 2008)	Low to IP
19	Qalian	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					15	0						Small
53	Qumar	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline			73		200	250					MoO (in EIG 2008)
35	Qara Chauq	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					200	80
20	Qasab	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					200	50
28	Quwair	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline												Show
112	Rachi	Oil	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					870	0
10	Raffan	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					10	0						Small
89	Rafidain	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					500	0
108	Ratawi	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					2500	1356
85	Rifae	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep		Anticline					70	0
107	Rumaila	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline	Naokelekan	Basinal marine			30,000	20,000	7973	3662	22,027	16,338
37	Sadid	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					25	0						Small
96	Safawi	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline												Show
47	Samarra	Oil	Mesopotamian Foredeep	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline											Al Jawadi, 1990	Show
92	Samawa	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline					60	0						Small
13	Sarjoon	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					70	25						Small
116	Shaikan	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline			1460		838	570
119	Shakal	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					240	12
95	Shawiyah	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline												Show
101	Siba	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline			3050		160	110					MoO (in EIG 2008)	Low to IP
100	Sindbad	Oil	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline												Show
109	Subba	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					2200	1100	2	1	2198	1099
2	Sufaiyah	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					210	60	49	9	161	51
30	Taq Taq	Oil & gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Mixed Balambo/Naokelekan	Basinal marine	600		130	100					www.stockhoouse.com	Low to IP
1	Tawke	Oil	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline	Naokelekan	Basinal marine	1300		230	0	1		229		DNO 18/12/08
61	Tel Ghazal	Gas	Zagros Foldbelt	Detached fold-thrust	Anticline					0	900
15	Tel Hajar	Oil	Khlesia High		Anticline												Show
46	Tikrit	Oil & gas	Mesopotamian Foredeep	Basement-involved fold	Faulted anticline					500	145	7	2	493	143
105	Tuba	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline	Naokelekan	Basinal marine			615	430
97	Ubaid	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fault	Fault trap												Show
102	Umm Qasr	Oil	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline												Show
76	West Kifl	Oil	Arabian Platform	Basement-involved fold	Anticline			182		400	0					MoO (in EIG 2008)	High to IP
110	West Luhais	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					50	50
106	West Qurna	Oil & ga	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline			26,500		9800	9445	300	240	9500	9205	APS Review Downstream Trends 12/2/02	West Qurna Phase 2
103	Zubair	Oil & gas	Gotnia Basin	Basement-involved fold	Anticline					8200	5920	1322	1058	6878	4862		12876 MBOIP

Table 3 lists the reservoir horizons and seals in fields that have produced oil and gas. The same information is shown for undeveloped fields in Table 4 and for small discoveries and wells with shows in Table 5.

There are 107 oil discoveries and nine gas discoveries in Iraq. The majority of these are in the Zagros foldbelt (53), the Mesopotamian foredeep (22), and the Gotnia Basin (18), and they account for over 98% of the oil and gas discovered.

The oil discoveries contain recoverable reserves of about 137 billion barrels of oil (gbo) and 93 trillion cubic feet of gas (tcfg). The largest oil fields are Rumaila (30 gbo), Kirkuk (25 gbo), and East Baghdad (16 gbo). Oil (and minor condensate) is about 89% of the per-barrel oil equivalent in Iraq.

The nine gas discoveries contain recoverable reserves of about 13 tcfg and 280 million barrels of liquid (mbl). The largest gas fields are Mansuriya (3.3 tcfg) and Akkas (2.5 tcfg).

To date, about 25 gbo and 11 tcfg have been produced from about 23 fields. The most has been from the Kirkuk (about 14 gbo) and Rumaila (about 8 gbo) fields.

Table 3 List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for fields that have produced oil and gas. Alternative or old reservoir names provided in comments column. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.

Age Sort	Field #	Field Name	Reservoir Name	Reservoir Age	Reservoir Strata Type	Seal Name	Seal Strata Type	Comments
15	78	Abu Ghirab	Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
44	78	Abu Ghirab	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
46	78	Abu Ghirab	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
40	6	Ain Zalah	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale	"First Pay"
42	6	Ain Zalah	Mushorah/Qamchuqa	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Argillaceous limestone	"Second Pay"
10	45	Ajil	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
13	45	Ajil	Jeribe/Dhiban	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
20	45	Ajil	Euphrates	Oligocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite
52	45	Ajil	Chia Gara	Early Cretaceous-Late Jurassic	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
55	45	Ajil	Gotnia	Late Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
60	45	Ajil	Sargelu	Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Naokelekan	Argillaceous limestone
12	34	Bai Hassan	Jeribe/Kirkuk Group/Jaddala	Miocene-Oligocene-Eocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
40	34	Bai Hassan	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
43	34	Bai Hassan	Lower Kimetan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Kometan	Argillaceous limestone
46	34	Bai Hassan	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Dokan	Argillaceous limestone
48	34	Bai Hassan	Shuaiba	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Sarmord	Argillaceous limestone
41	62	Balad	Hartha/Sadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
43	62	Balad	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
47	62	Balad	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Nahr Umr	Shale
52	62	Balad	Chia Gara	Early Cretaceous-Late Jurassic	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
64	62	Balad	Alan	Early Jurassic	Carbonate	Alan	Evaporite-Shale
40	11	Butmah	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale	"First Pay"
70	11	Butmah	Kurra Chine/Geli Khana	Late Triassic	Carbonate	Kurra Chine	Argillaceous limestone & anhydrite	"Triassic Pay"
12	80	Buzurgan	Jeribe/Kirkuk Group	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
44	80	Buzurgan	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
10	52	Chia Surkh	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
12	52	Chia Surkh	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
10	63	East Baghdad	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
41	63	East Baghdad	Hartha/Sadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
43	63	East Baghdad	Tanuma	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Sadi	Argillaceous limestone
44	63	East Baghdad	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
45	63	East Baghdad	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
47	63	East Baghdad	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	63	East Baghdad	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
12	79	Jabal Fauqi	Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk Group	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
44	79	Jabal Fauqi	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
12	41	Jambur	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite	"First Pay"
21	41	Jambur	Euphrates/Serikagni	Oligocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite	"Second Pay"
40	41	Jambur	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
12	36	Khabbaz	Jeribe/Kirkuk Group	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
46	36	Khabbaz	Upper Qamchuqa	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate
48	36	Khabbaz	Lower Qamchuqa	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate
22	32	Kirkuk	Kirkuk Group	Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite	"Main Limestone"
30	32	Kirkuk	Pila Spi/Avanah/Jaddala	Late-Middle Eocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite	"Main Limestone"
40	32	Kirkuk	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
43	32	Kirkuk	Lower Kometan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Kometan	Argillaceous limestone
46	32	Kirkuk	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Dokan	Argillaceous limestone
48	32	Kirkuk	Shuaiba	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Sarmord	Argillaceous limestone
47	111	Luhais	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	111	Luhais	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
12	59	Naft Khana	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
12	23	Qaiyarah	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
41	23	Qaiyrah	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
10	107	Rumaila North	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
44	107	Rumaila North	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Mishrif	Dense limestone
47	107	Rumaila North	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Santstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
48	107	Rumaila North	Shuaiba	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Lower Nahr Umr	Shale
49	107	Rumaila North	Aubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale	"Main Pay"
51	107	Rumaila North	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
58	107	Rumaila North	Najmah	Late-Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
64	107	Rumaila North	Mus	Early Jurassic	Carbonate	Alan	Evaporite
10	107	Rumaila South	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
44	107	Rumaila South	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Mishrif	Dense limestone
47	107	Rumaila South	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	107	Rumaila South	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
47	109	Subba	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	109	Subba	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
51	109	Subba	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
40	2	Sufaiyah	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
42	2	Sufaiyah	Kometan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl	"Massive Limestone"
44	2	Sufaiyah	Gir Bir	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Gir Bir	Argillaceous limestone
78	2	Sufaiyah	Kurra Chine	Late Triassic	Carbonate	Kurra Chine	Evaporite
30	1	Tawke	Pila Spi	Late-Middle Eocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite	Press Releases
40	1	Tawke	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale	Press Releases
48	1	Tawke	Qamchuqa	Early Cretaceous	Carboante			Press Releases
44	46	Tikrit	Khasib/Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
46	46	Tikrit	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate
47	46	Tikrit	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	46	Tikrit	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
42	106	West Qurna	Sadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
43	106	West Qurna	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
44	106	West Qurna	Mishrif/Rumaila	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
45	106	West Qurna	Mauddud	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
49	106	West Qurna	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
50	106	West Qurna	Ratawi	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
51	106	West Qurna	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
66	106	West Qurna	Alan	Early Jurassic	Carbonate	Sargelu	Shale
58	106	West Qurna	Najmah	Late-Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
10	103	Zubair	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl	"First Pay"
44	103	Zubair	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone	"Second Pay"
47	103	Zubair	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	103	Zubair	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale	"Third Pay"
49.5	103	Zubair	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Middle Zubair	Shale	"Fourth Pay"
51	103	Zubair	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale

Table 4 List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for oil and gas fields that have not been produced. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.

Age Sort	Field #	Field Name	Reservoir Name	Reservoir Age	Reservoir Strata Type	Seal Name	Seal Strata Type	Comments
41	72	Ahdab	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
43	72	Ahdab	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
44	72	Ahdab	Mishrif/Rumaila	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
46	72	Ahdab	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
48	72	Ahdab	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
48	72	Ahdab	Shuaiba	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Nahr Umr	Shale
90	51	Akkas	Khabour	Ordovician	Sandstone	Akkas	Shale
43	84	Amara	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
44	84	Amara	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
46	84	Amara	Mauddud/Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
46	70	Badrah	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
	121	Bazian		Cretaceous ?				Press Releases
	120	Bijeel		Jurassic ?				Press Releases
40	29	Binabawi	Upper Qamchuqa	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
40	29	Binabawi	Kurra Chine	Late Triassic	Carbonate	Kurra Chine	Evaporite
70	4	Bohaira	Kurra Chine	Late Triassic	Carbonate	Kurra Chine	Evaporite
30	31	Chemchemal	Pila Spi	Late-Middle Eocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
40	31	Chemchemal	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Shiranish	Marl
43	31	Chemchemal	Kometan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Lower Shiranish	Marl
30	27	Demir Dagh	Pila Spi	Late-Middle Eocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
40	27	Demir Dagh	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
41	27	Demir Dagh	Bekhme	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Shiranish	Marl
49	71	Dhafriya	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
41	93	Diwan	Hartha/Sadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
47	93	Diwan	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
50	93	Diwan	Ratawi/Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
58	93	Diwan	Najmah/Sargelu	Late-Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
42	88	Dujaila	Sadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Sadi	Marl
44	88	Dujaila	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
44	90	Gharraf	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
49	90	Gharraf	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
51	90	Gharraf	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
8	54	Gilabat	Injana	Miocene	Sandstone	Injana	Shale
10	54	Gilabat	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
12	54	Gilabat	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
40	8	Gusair	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
46	8	Gusair	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Mushorah	Evaporite
12	83	Halfaya	Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
42	83	Halfaya	Sadi/Tanuma	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
44	83	Halfaya	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
44	83	Halfaya	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
47	83	Halfaya	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
51	83	Halfaya	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
13	44	Hamrin	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
44	44	Hamrin	Mishrif/Rumaila	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
	26	Hawler (Benenan)	Alan	Early Jurassic	Carbonate	Alan	Evaporite	Press Releases
41	82	Huwaiza	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
42	82	Huwaiza	Sadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
43	82	Huwaiza	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
44	82	Huwaiza	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
47	82	Huwaiza	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
40	55	Injana	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Marl
41	55	Injana	Kometan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
22	33	Ismail	Kirkuk Group	Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
12	57	Jaria Pika	Jeribe/Dhiban/Euphrates/Serikagni	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
12	21	Jawan	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
41	21	Jawan	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
12	43	Judaida	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
14	33	Judaida	Dhiban	Miocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite
20	43	Judaida	Euphrates	Oligocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite
22	43	Judaida	Kirkuk Group	Oligocene	Carbonate	Basal Serikagni	Evaporite
43	43	Judaida	Kometan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Kometan	Shale
12	38	Khanuqah	Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
10	56	Khashm Al Ahmar	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
12	56	Khashm Al Ahmar	Jeribe/Dhiban/Euphrates/Serikagni	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
47	75	Kifl	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	75	Kifl	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
58	75	Kifl	Najmah/Sargelu	Late-Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
12	40	Kor Mor	Jeribe/Euphrates/Kirkuk	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
44	87	Kumait	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
47	87	Kumait	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
	118	Kurdamir	Kirkuk Group	Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite	Press Releases
	118	Kurdamir	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale	Press Releases
9	98	Majnoon	Ghar	Miocene	Sandstone	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
8	98	Majnoon	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
40	98	Majnoon	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
41	98	Majnoon	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
42	98	Majnoon	Sadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Hartha	Argillaceous Limestone
43	98	Majnoon	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
44	98	Majnoon	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
46	98	Majnoon	Ahmadi	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
47	98	Majnoon	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
48	98	Majnoon	Shuaiba	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Nahr Umr	Shale
49	98	Majnoon	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
51	98	Majnoon	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
12	25	Makhmour	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
41	25	Makhmour	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
10	60	Mansuriya	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
12	60	Mansuriya	Heribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
14	60	Mansuriya	Dhiban	Miocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite
41	77	Merjan	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
	117	Miran West	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Shiranish	Marl	Press Releases
	117	Miran West	Kometan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate			Press Releases
	117	Miran West	Up Qamchuqa	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale	Press Releases
8	91	Nahr Umr/Bin Umar	Dibdibba	Miocene	Sandstone	Dibdibba	Marl
9	91	Nahr Umr/Bin Umar	Fatha/Ghar	Miocene	Carbonate/Sandstone	Fatha	Marl
43	91	Nahr Umr/Bin Umar	Khasib/Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
47	91	Nahr Umr/Bin Umar	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	91	Nahr Umr/Bin Umar	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
51	91	Nahr Umr/Bin Umar	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
41	64	Nahrawan	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
44	64	Nahrawan	Tanuma	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Sadi	Argillaceous limestone
45	64	Nahrawan	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
20	22	Najmah	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
41	22	Najmah	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
44	91	Nasiriyah	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
47	91	Nasiriyah	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
50	91	Nasiriyah	Ratawi	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
51	91	Nasiriyah	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
12	58	Nau Doman	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
44	81	Noor	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
47	81	Noor	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
12	42	Pulkhana	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
20	42	Pulkhana	Euphrates	Oligocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite
40	42	Pulkhana	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Marl
12	53	Qumar	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
46	35	Qara Chauq	Mauddud/Jawan	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Dokan	Argillaceous limestone
51	35	Qara Chauq	Lower Sarmord	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Lower Sarmord	Shale
61	35	Qara Chauq	Gotnia	Late Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite-Marl
68	35	Qara Chauq	Butmah	Early Jurassic-Late Triassic	Carbonate	Adaiyah	Evaporite
12	20	Qasab	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
20	20	Qasab	Euphrates	Oligocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite
41	20	Qasab	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
47	112	Rachi	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	112	Rachi	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
51	112	Rachi	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
44	89	Rafidain	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
46	89	Rafidain	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
47	89	Rafidain	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	89	Rafidain	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
50	89	Rafidain	Ratawi	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
51	89	Rafidain	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
44	108	Ratawi	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
45	108	Ratawi	Ahmadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
46	108	ratawi	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
47	108	Ratawi	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
51	108	Ratawi	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
51	85	Rifaee	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
41	13	Sarjoon	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
44	13	Sarjoon	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Mushorah	Argillaceous limestone
	116	Shaikan	Sarmord	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate			Press Releases
	116	Shaikan	Barsarin-Mus	Late-Early Jurassic	Carbonate			Press Releases
	116	Shaikan	Butmah-Baluti	Early Jurassic-Late Triassic	Carbonate	Adaiyah	Evaporite	Press Releases
	116	Shaikan	Kurra Chine	Late Triassic	Carbonate			Press Releases
	200	Shakal	Jaddala	Late-Middle Eocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite	Press Releases
49	101	Siba	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
51	101	Siba	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
30	30	Taq Taq	Pila Spi	Late-Middle Eocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
40	30	Taq Taq	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
43	30	Taq Taq	Lower Kometan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Kometan	Argillaceous limestone
48	30	Taq Taq	Qamchuqa	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Sarmord	Argillaceous limestone
12	61	Tel Ghazal	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite
14	61	Tel Ghazal	Dhiban	Miocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite
20	61	Tel Ghazal	Euphrates	Oligocene	Carbonate	Dhiban	Evaporite
10	105	Tuba	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl	"First Pay"
44	105	Tuba	MIshrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone	"Second Pay"
47	105	Tuba	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Nahr Umr	Shale
49	105	Tuba	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale	"Third Pay"
49	105	Tuba	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Middle Zubair	Shale	"Fourth Pay"
51	105	Tuba	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale

The major reservoirs in Iraq are Cretaceous, and these are the main reservoirs in 69 discoveries. The recoverable reserves in Cretaceous reservoirs in all fields are estimated to be between 59 and 101 gbo and 15 to 55 tcfg. Similar, there are 32 discoveries with mainly Cenozoic reservoirs, with 24–46 gbo and 14–41 tcfg recoverable in all Cenozoic reservoirs. Only 10 discoveries are mainly in Triassic reservoirs, with recoverable reserves of 400–500 mbo and up to 6 tcfg, and three discoveries mainly from Jurassic reservoirs, with 580–1500 mbo and no gas. Estimates of up to 6 tcfg of gas occur in the Paleozoic at Akkas field, with shows in Khleisia 1.

Table 5 List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for wells with reported oil and/or gas shows. Comment field indicates where informatio comes from. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.

Age Sort	Show #	Show Structure	Reservoir Name	Reservoir Age	Reservoir Strata Type	Seal Name	Seal Strata Type	Comments
10	5	Abtakh	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
12	5	Abtakh	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
40	5	Abtakh	Shiranish/Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
42	5	Abtakh	Mushorah	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
64	5	Abtakh	Mus	Early Jurassic	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
68	5	Abtakh	Butmah	Early Jurassic-Late Triassic	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
70	5	Abtakh	Kurra Chine	Late Triassic	Carboante			Jassim and Goff
75	5	Abtakh	Geli Khana	Middle Triassic	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
22	69	Abu Jir	Kirkuk Group	Oligocene	Carbonate	Euphrates	Argillaceous limestone
50	115	Abu Kheima	Ratawi	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
51	115	Abu Kheima	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
55	115	Abu Kheima	Gotnia	Late Jurassic	Carbonate	Chia Gara	Argillaceous limestone
58	115	Abu Kheima	Najmah	Late-Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
68	18	Adaiyah	Butmah/Kurra Chine	Early Jurassic\Late Triassic	Carbonate	Butmah	Shale
20	73	Afaq	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Marl
41	73	Afaq	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
45	73	Afaq	Ahmadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ahmadi	Shale
46	73	Afaq	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Mauddud	Argillaceous limestone
12	14	Ain Ghazal	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
20	14	Ain Ghazal	Euphrates	Oligocene	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
60	12	Alan	Sargelu	Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Sarmord	Marl
70	12	Alan	Kurra Chine	Late Triassic	Carbonate	Kurra Chine	Evaporite-Marl
42	50	Anah	Mushorah	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate
68	50	Anah	Alan/Mus/Adaiyah/Butmah	Early Jurassic-Late Triassic	Carbonate	Alan	Evaporite
65	17	Atshan	Adaiyah	Early Jurassic	Carbonate	Adaiyah	Evaporite
70	17	Atshan	Kurra Chine/Geli Khana	Late-Middle Triassic	Carbonate	Baluti	Shale
47	68	Awasil	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Mauddud	Shale
55	68	Awasil	Gotnia	Late Jurassic	Carbonate	Sarmord	Shale
41	65	Fallujah	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
44	65	Fallujah	Maotsi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Maotsi	Evaporite-Marl
55	65	Fallujah	Najmah	Late Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
47	94	Ghalaisan	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
8	54	Gilabat	Injana	Miocene	Sandstone	Injana	Shale
10	54	Gilabat	Fatha	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
12	7	Gullar	Jeribe	Miocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
42	7	Gullar	Mushorah	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
15	24	Hibbarah	Jeribe/Euphrates	Miocene-Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
41	24	Hibbarah	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Argillaceous limestone
46	24	Hibbarah	Jawan	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Jawan	Evaporite-Marl
22	67	Hit	Euphrates/Kirkuk Group	Oligocene	Carbonate	Fatha	Evaporite-Marl
41	67	Hit	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Marl
70	16	Ibrahim	Kurra Chine	Late Triassic	Carbonate	Kurra Chine	Argillaceous limestone
m 40	9	Jabal Kand	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
40	104	Jabel Sanam	Ahmadi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
44	104	Jabel Sanam	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
47	104	Jabel Sanam	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone			Jassim and Goff
49	104	Jabel Sanam	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone			Jassim and Goff
43	113	Jerishan	Khasib	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
44	113	Jerishan	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
46	113	Jerishan	Mauddud	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
47	113	Jerishan	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone			Jassim and Goff
48	113	Jerishan	Shuaibia	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
50	113	Jerishan	Ratawi/Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
52	113	Jerishan	Sulaiy	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
45	114	Khidr Al Maa	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Argillaceous limestone
47	114	Khidr Al Maa	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
49	114	Khidr Al Maa	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Shale Member	Shale
51	114	Khidr Al Maa	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
58	114	Khidr Al Maa	Najmah	Late-Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
90	49	Khleisia	Khabour	Ordovician	Sandstone	Akkas	Shale
63	39	Makhul	Mus	Early Jurassic	Carbonate	Alan	Evaporite
55	48	Mileh Tharthar	Gotnia	Late Jurassic	Carboante	Gotnia	Evaporite
44	86	Muhainya	Mishrif	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate
41	74	Musaiyib	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
50	74	Musaiyib	Ratawi	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
46	3	Mushorah	Mushorah/Mauddud	Late-Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Shiranish	Dense limestone
47	66	Nafatah	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
70	19	Qalian	Kurra Chine	Late Triassic	Carboante	Baluti	Shale
20	28	Quwair	Kirkuk Group	Oligocene	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
30	28	Quwair	Pila Spi	Late-Middle Eocene	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
40	10	Raffan	Shiranish	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Aaliji	Shale
60	10	Raffan	Sargelu	Middle Jurassic	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
66	10	Raffan	Adaiyah	Early Jurassic	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
12	37	Sadid	Jeribe	Miocene	Carboante	Fatha	Evaporite
44	37	Sadid	Jawan	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Jawan	Marl
51	96	Safawi	Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
41	47	Samarra	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous limestone
45	47	Samarra	Maotsi	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Tanuma	Shale
49	47	Samarra	Garagu	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Garagu	Shale
52	47	Samarra	Chia Gara	Early Cretaceous-Late Jurassic	Carbonate	Sarmord	Shale
49	92	Samawa	Ratawi/Yamama	Early Cretaceous	Carbonate	Ratawi	Shale
58	92	Samawa	Najmah	Late-Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
62	92	Samawa	Alan/Mus	Early Jurassic	Carbonate	Alan	Evaporite
40	95	Shawiyah	Kifl/Rumaila	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Khasib	Shale
47	95	Shawiyah	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
9	100	Sindibad	Ghar	Miocene	Sandstone			Jassim and Goff
21	15	Tel Hajar	Euphrates/Serikagni	Oligocene	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
47	97	Ubaid	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone	Upper Nahr Umr	Shale
44	102	Umm Qasr	Mishrif	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate			Jassim and Goff
47	102	Umm Qasr	Nahr Umr	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone			Jassim and Goff
49	102	Umm Qasr	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone			Jassim and Goff
41	76	West Kifl	Hartha	Late Cretaceous	Carbonate	Upper Hartha	Argillaceous Limestone
58	76	West Kifl	Najmah/Sargelu	Late-Middle Jurassic	Carbonate	Gotnia	Evaporite
49	110	West Luhais	Zubair	Early Cretaceous	Sandstone			Jassim and Goff

Several conclusions can be drawn from these data:

• Iraq is an oil province, with a lot of oil generated in superb source rocks.
• The Cretaceous and Cenozoic are the most important reservoir intervals, and there are fewer discoveries in Jurassic and older rocks.
• Some accumulations are very large, with large trap and reservoir volumes, commonly in stacked reservoir-seal pairs.

See also

• Phanerozoic Tethys region
• Israel petroleum systems
• Libya hydrocarbon provinces
• Tethys region
• Petroleum basins of Turkey
• Jordan petroleum geology
• Iran petroleum systems

External links

find literature about Iraq petroleum geology

• Original content in Datapages
• PDF file in Datapages

estimated ultimately recoverable