Difference between revisions of "Well log sequence analysis"

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  | part    = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
 
  | part    = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
 
  | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
 
  | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
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  | frompg  = 21-1
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  | frompg  = 21-29
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  | topg    = 21-68
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  | topg    = 21-31
 
  | author  = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
 
  | author  = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
 
  | link    = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
 
  | link    = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
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  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X
 
  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X
 
}}
 
}}
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After seismic sections have been analyzed for sequences, well logs are analyzed for sequences and systems tracts. This involves interpreting depositional lithofacies on logs using cuttings and cores and then identifying sequences and systems tracts from the interpreted logs. Stacking patterns displayed in cross sections and individual logs show accommodation space changes which help us identify sequence and systems tracts.
+
After seismic sections have been analyzed for sequences, well logs are analyzed for sequences and systems tracts. This involves interpreting depositional [[lithofacies]] on logs using cuttings and cores and then identifying sequences and systems tracts from the interpreted logs. Stacking patterns displayed in [[cross section]]s and individual logs show accommodation space changes which help us identify sequence and systems tracts.
  
 
==Procedure==
 
==Procedure==
−
The table below, modified from Vail<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref> outlines a suggested procedure for well log sequence analysis.
+
The list below, modified from Vail<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref> outlines a suggested procedure for well log sequence analysis.
  
−
{| class = "wikitable"
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# Interpret depositional lithofacies on logs using cores and cuttings to calibrate the log.
−
|-
+
# Estimate sequences and systems tracts from the interpreted lithofacies using regional [[cross section]]s with well and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data.
−
! Step
+
# Determine accommodation space changes from parasequence stacking patterns seen in well log cross sections (see below).
−
! Action
+
# Check estimates of sequences and systems tracts:
−
|-
+
#*  Correlate between wells that have biostratigraphic-time correlations, well log marker-bed correlations, and the global sea cycle chart.
−
| 1
+
#*  Correlate with seismic profiles.
−
| Interpret depositional lithofacies on logs using cores and cuttings to calibrate the log.
 
−
|-
 
−
| 2
 
−
| Estimate sequences and systems tracts from the interpreted lithofacies using regional cross sections with well and outcrop data.
 
−
|-
 
−
| 3
 
−
| Determine accommodation space changes from parasequence stacking patterns seen in well log cross sections (see below).
 
−
|-
 
−
| 4
 
−
| Check estimates of sequences and systems tracts:
 
−
*  Correlate between wells that have biostratigraphic-time correlations, well log marker-bed correlations, and the global sea cycle chart.
 
−
*  Correlate with seismic profiles.
 
−
|}
 
  
 
==Parasequence stacking patterns==
 
==Parasequence stacking patterns==
  
−
[[file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-19.png|thumb|{{figure number|1}}.]]
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[[file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-19.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Three stacking patterns. From Hyne;<ref name=Hyne>Hyne, N. J., 1995, Sequence stratigraphy: a new look at old rocks, in N. J. Hyne, ed., Sequence Stratigraphy of the Mid Continent: Tulsa Geological Society Special Publication 4, p. 5–20.</ref> courtesy Tulsa Geological Society. Modified from Van Wagoner et al.;<ref>Van Wagoner, J. C., R. M. Mitchum, K. M. Campion, and V. D. Rahmanian, 1990, Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs, Cores and Outcrops: Concepts for High-Resolution Correlation of Time and Facies: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1196 AAPG Methods in Exploration Series No. 7], 55 p.</ref> courtesy AAPG.]]
  
−
Parasequences stack into three basic patterns as a result of the interaction of accommodation and rate of sediment supply:
+
Parasequences stack into [[Depocenter#Sediment_supply_rate_and_facies_patterns|three basic patterns]] as a result of the interaction of accommodation and rate of sediment supply:
 
* Progradational
 
* Progradational
 
* Retrogradational
 
* Retrogradational
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==Stacking patterns for systems tracts==
 
==Stacking patterns for systems tracts==
−
Systems tracts often have characteristic parasequence stacking patterns. Stacking patterns of the basin-floor fan and slope fan, contained within the lowstand systems tract, are difficult to identify. The table below summarizes typical stacking patterns for the three systems tracts.
+
Systems tracts often have characteristic parasequence stacking patterns. Stacking patterns of the [http://www.sepmstrata.org/TerminologyList.aspx basin-floor fan] and slope fan, contained within the lowstand systems tract, are difficult to identify. The table below summarizes typical stacking patterns for the three systems tracts.
  
 
{| class = "wikitable"
 
{| class = "wikitable"
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==Log patterns for systems tracts==
 
==Log patterns for systems tracts==
  
−
[[file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-20.png|thumb|{{figure number|2}}Modified. Copyright: Hyne, 1995; courtesy Tulsa Geological Society.]]
+
[[file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-20.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|2}}Characteristic parasequence stacking patterns for the high-stand (HST), transgressive (TST), and lowstand (LST) systems tracts of a passive margin basin third-order depositional sequence. Modified. Copyright: Hyne;<ref name=Hyne /> courtesy Tulsa Geological Society.]]
  
 
[[:file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-20.png|Figure 2]] shows the characteristic parasequence stacking patterns for the high-stand (HST), transgressive (TST), and lowstand (LST) systems tracts of a passive margin basin third-order depositional sequence.
 
[[:file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-20.png|Figure 2]] shows the characteristic parasequence stacking patterns for the high-stand (HST), transgressive (TST), and lowstand (LST) systems tracts of a passive margin basin third-order depositional sequence.
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==LST example==
 
==LST example==
  
−
[[file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-21.png|thumb|{{figure number|3}}.]]
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[[file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-21.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Cross section from the Late Cenozoic of the Gulf of Mexico. From Mitchum et al.;<ref>Mitchum, R. M., P. R. Vail, and J. B. Sangree, 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in C. E. Payton, ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> courtesy AAPG.]]
  
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The cross section in [[:file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-21.png|Figure 3]] is from the Late Cenozoic of the Gulf of Mexico. It shows the well log responses of a lowstand systems tract (labeled as PGC, or prograding complex, on the cross section). Log A is completely basinal with a slope fan overlain by shingled turbidites. Logs B and C have deltaic and delta front sands, and midslope turbidite sands. Log D has a “classic” coarsening-upward pattern. Log E has incised valley sands.
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The cross section in [[:file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-21.png|Figure 3]] is from the Late [[Cenozoic]] of the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. It shows the well log responses of a lowstand systems tract (labeled as PGC, or prograding complex, on the cross section). Log A is completely basinal with a slope fan overlain by shingled [[turbidite]]s. Logs B and C have deltaic and delta front sands, and midslope turbidite sands. Log D has a “classic” coarsening-upward pattern. Log E has incised valley sands.
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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* [[Seismic sequence analysis]]
 
* [[Seismic sequence analysis]]
 
* [[Combining well log with seismic sequence analysis]]
 
* [[Combining well log with seismic sequence analysis]]
 +
* [[Regional maps and cross sections]]
 +
* [[Cross section]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]  
 
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]  
 
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]
 
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]
 +
[[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]]

Latest revision as of 16:53, 4 February 2022

Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
Series Treatise in Petroleum Geology
Part Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
Chapter Exploring for stratigraphic traps
Author John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
Link Web page
Store AAPG Store

After seismic sections have been analyzed for sequences, well logs are analyzed for sequences and systems tracts. This involves interpreting depositional lithofacies on logs using cuttings and cores and then identifying sequences and systems tracts from the interpreted logs. Stacking patterns displayed in cross sections and individual logs show accommodation space changes which help us identify sequence and systems tracts.

Procedure[edit]

The list below, modified from Vail[1] outlines a suggested procedure for well log sequence analysis.

  1. Interpret depositional lithofacies on logs using cores and cuttings to calibrate the log.
  2. Estimate sequences and systems tracts from the interpreted lithofacies using regional cross sections with well and outcrop data.
  3. Determine accommodation space changes from parasequence stacking patterns seen in well log cross sections (see below).
  4. Check estimates of sequences and systems tracts:
    • Correlate between wells that have biostratigraphic-time correlations, well log marker-bed correlations, and the global sea cycle chart.
    • Correlate with seismic profiles.

Parasequence stacking patterns[edit]

Figure 1 Three stacking patterns. From Hyne;[2] courtesy Tulsa Geological Society. Modified from Van Wagoner et al.;[3] courtesy AAPG.

Parasequences stack into three basic patterns as a result of the interaction of accommodation and rate of sediment supply:

  • Progradational
  • Retrogradational
  • Aggradational

Figure 1 shows these three stacking patterns.

Stacking patterns for systems tracts[edit]

Systems tracts often have characteristic parasequence stacking patterns. Stacking patterns of the basin-floor fan and slope fan, contained within the lowstand systems tract, are difficult to identify. The table below summarizes typical stacking patterns for the three systems tracts.

Systems tract Stacking pattern
Lowstand
  • Basin-floor fan
  • Slope fan
  • Wedge

Difficult to recognize
Difficult to recognize
Progradational

Transgressive Retrogradational
Highstand
  • Early
  • Late

Aggradational
Progradational

Log patterns for systems tracts[edit]

Figure 2 Characteristic parasequence stacking patterns for the high-stand (HST), transgressive (TST), and lowstand (LST) systems tracts of a passive margin basin third-order depositional sequence. Modified. Copyright: Hyne;[2] courtesy Tulsa Geological Society.

Figure 2 shows the characteristic parasequence stacking patterns for the high-stand (HST), transgressive (TST), and lowstand (LST) systems tracts of a passive margin basin third-order depositional sequence.

LST example[edit]

Figure 3 Cross section from the Late Cenozoic of the Gulf of Mexico. From Mitchum et al.;[4] courtesy AAPG.

The cross section in Figure 3 is from the Late Cenozoic of the Gulf of Mexico. It shows the well log responses of a lowstand systems tract (labeled as PGC, or prograding complex, on the cross section). Log A is completely basinal with a slope fan overlain by shingled turbidites. Logs B and C have deltaic and delta front sands, and midslope turbidite sands. Log D has a “classic” coarsening-upward pattern. Log E has incised valley sands.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Vail, P., R., 1987, Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure, in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27, p. 2.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hyne, N. J., 1995, Sequence stratigraphy: a new look at old rocks, in N. J. Hyne, ed., Sequence Stratigraphy of the Mid Continent: Tulsa Geological Society Special Publication 4, p. 5–20.
  3. ↑ Van Wagoner, J. C., R. M. Mitchum, K. M. Campion, and V. D. Rahmanian, 1990, Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs, Cores and Outcrops: Concepts for High-Resolution Correlation of Time and Facies: AAPG Methods in Exploration Series No. 7, 55 p.
  4. ↑ Mitchum, R. M., P. R. Vail, and J. B. Sangree, 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences, in C. E. Payton, ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: AAPG Memoir 26, p. 117–133.

External links[edit]

find literature about
Well log sequence analysis 		Datapages button.png GeoScienceWorld button.png OnePetro button.png Google button.png

highstand systems tract

true stratigraphic thickness, transgressive systems tract

lowstand systems tract

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