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==Outcrop gamma-ray logging== [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop Outcrop] gamma-ray logging can be a valuable technique for stratigraphic correlatio

...South Africa-Eastern Cape-Gamtoos Valley-Alluvial Gravel01.jpg|thumb|300px|Outcrop of Enon Conglomerate formed by Alluvial deposits in the Gamtoos Valley, Eas

* Where formations [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop]

...ons. Lithofacies interpretations should be based on all available well and outcrop data and on seismic facies interpretations. ...l geology from well and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] control.

...ed data set (well bore, [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop], [[cross section]], seismic line, etc.) may not be perpendicular but rathe

===Outcrop studies=== ...redicting fracture connectivity and intensity within the Austin Chalk from outcrop fracture maps and scanline data: Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association

...e structure]]s and from [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] studies to computer-intensive [[Tectonic modeling#Mathematical models|nume

* Outcrop map: Contains about the discovery of the location of the rock. These maps p [[File:1.jpg|400px|thumbnail|{{figure number|1|}}Lithology of Outcrop and Field Structure Sketch.<ref name=Zakaria>Zakaria, Zulfiadi. 2011. Manaj

...nd Nashville dome to the east and northeast respectively, these units also outcrop.<ref name=Fritzetal_2012 />

* Outcrop atlas, e.g. for deepwater reservoirs.

* [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop Outcrop] occurrences * [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop Outcrop] patterns

...id contamination and leaching. Megafossils, which can be collected in many outcrop sections, may define the known local stratigraphic framework.

...recognition of time equivalent strata over vast areas<ref name=Nxon />. In outcrop, the Mowry Shale has a distinct profile and weathers to a dark to light gra

...20-12.png|Figure 9]]. The white [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrops] in the valley in the left foreground are tightly folded Ordovicia ...xploring-for-structural-traps_fig20-17.png|{{figure number|14}}Examples of outcrop fracture-spacing data relevant to the carbonate section of Whitney Canyon f

* Reconnaissance [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] studies

...in in seismic sections, [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] sections, and well log sections. ...ty|unconformities]] (third-order sequence boundaries) in seismic sections, outcrop sections, and regional well log sections.

...Lindsay>Lindsay, N. G., F. C. Murphy, J. J. Walsh, and J. Watterson, 1993, Outcrop studies of shale smear on fault surfaces: International Association of Sedi

...ly bedding. Flexural-slip surfaces, which can be observed in [[core]] or [[outcrop]], may vary in spacing from a few millimeters to several tens of meters in

...umb|300px|{{figure number|2}}A fold showing anticlines and synclines at an outcrop at Eruku, Kwara, Nigeria.]]

...ell sections, cores, or [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] sections.

* [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop Outcrop] studies (interpretive analogs)

...of Sedimentologists Special Publication 15, p. 113-123.</ref> described [[outcrop]] studies of [[shale]] smears in a [[Carboniferous]] fluvio-deltaic sequenc

* [[Outcrop]]

...ainst the plane (Sometimes it is easier to put your field book against the outcrop and then the compass against the book to get a smoother and/or a larger sur

...ve some advantages over [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] exposures for environmental interpretation.<ref name=pt05r166>Weimer, R. J * Not limited to stratigraphic unit outcrop positions

...hives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1998/01jan/0025/0025.htm Implications of outcrop geology for reservoirs in the Neogene productive series: Apsheron Peninsula

...and G. T. Bertram, eds., Sequence Stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop and Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America: [http://store

...f techniques, including [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] studies of fault zones, core analysis and laboratory testing, [[thin secti

...etween beds was higher than it is today. Moreover, the integration of both outcrop observations and lab experiments on trough-going joints indicate low rigidi ...theast limb, and joint patterns along with rock mechanics lab testing. The outcrop consists of fine siltstone and grained sandstone beds which exhibit high ri

...hrust belt]], but local [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] or subsurface data do not accurately define the shape of individual struct

# Integrate well and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data with seismic facies distribution.

# Use well logs and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data to make structural [[cross section]]s through critical areas containi

...t can then be tested in [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] or with subsurface data.

...er will start by looking at aerial photos to determine where the available outcrop is and then make 2-3 traverses across [[strike]] to ground the photo interp ...be continuing, discontinuing, or interfingering? Strategic locations where outcrop of stratigraphy is found (river valleys, escarpment erosion, mining areas,

If you look at a [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop rock outcrop], you see [[sandstone]], [[shale]], [[limestone]], etc. If you look at seis

...en even nearby wells or [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop sections]. ''Probabilistic biostratigraphy'' is a statistical technique tha

...ection]]s with well and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data.

...ervations || Collecting [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop], [[Seismic data|seismic]], and well log data

==Outcrop analysis== ...llecting [[fracture]] data from [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrops], one should look for rocks similar to the [[reservoir]] rocks of

...l tool to predict unseen, subsurface geometries based on input data (e.g., outcrop geometries, well-imaged seismic sections/volumes, etc.) ...o. 3, p. 228-251.</ref> to predict the geometry of the subsurface based on outcrop relationships. At the start of the twentieth century, deciphering the evolu

...and G. T. Bertram, eds., Sequence stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop and Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America: [http://store

...seismic sections]], and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data.

...e). Biostratigraphy is used to identify rock formations which can occur at outcrop and/or in the subsurface and correlate time-equivalent units over large dis ...subsurface geology. Identifying missing and repeated sections both in the outcrop and subsurface, is possible by the use of biostratigraphy. Hiatuses and mis

...'in'' G. M. Grammer, P. M. Harris, and G. P. Eberlie, eds., Integration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modeling: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.asp ...d ancient analogs can be investigated by referring to technical papers and outcrop studies, or the examination of aerial photographs.<ref name=Tye_2004>Tye, R

...hip of the anomalies to [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] geology, mapped structural closures, stratigraphic pinch-outs, faults, or

...sed is liable to be highly unrepresentative of the average structural dip. Outcrop perspectives cannot be extrapolated to the borehole, so a different approac

...s], in G. M. Grammer, P. M. Harris, and G. P. Eberli, eds., Integration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modeling, [http://store.aapg.org/detail.asp ...and P. Thompson, 2007, Collapse of submarine channel levees, examples from outcrop and subsurface, and reservoir implications: Abstracts of the 2007 AAPG Annu

...modern environments or [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] analogs where actual observations and measurements have been made. ...lateral variability in [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] measurements of permeability of shallow marine and fluvial sandstones and

| Outcrop studies of [Wikipedia:Structural_geology#Kinematics|kinematic indicators]] | Based on [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] studies and subsurface data, subdivide the stratigraphic section according

...analysis developed when [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] and well data were applied to seismic stratigraphy.<ref name=ch21r47 /> Th

...-controlled dolomitization of the Cretaceous Khami and Bangestan Group: An outcrop case study, Zagros Mountain, Iran, in F. S. P. Van Buchem, K. D. Gerdes, an ...High Zagros thrusts.<ref name=Setudehnia_1976 /> Ordovician sediments also outcrop at Kuh-e Surmeh in Central Fars ([[:file:M106Ch14Fig07.jpg|Figure 4]]).

...ta|seismic]], well, and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data, is an effective concept for assessing the quality and location of so

...g], in G. M. Grammer, P. M. Harris, and G. P. Eberli, eds., Integration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modeling: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.asp

* outcrop http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop

...les and in well-exposed [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] belts but are usually below resolution scale of most industry seismic refl

..., [[paleontology]], and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data are gathered and organized for integration with the seismic data. Whe

...raminifera from core or [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] samples or from well cuttings in areas of relatively high sedimentation ra

...servoir models of (1) fluvial-dominated delta-lobe deposits exposed at the outcrop (Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone Member, Utah), and (2) a sparse subsurface dat ...ontact with an overlying distributary channel sandstone. (B) Corresponding outcrop interpretation showing clinoforms within the delta-front deposits. (C) Corr

...lity in sediment provenance and distribution has been well established via outcrop observations dating to the early 1900s across the basin. Over the past 20 y

...e datum only in core or [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] samples because caving is virtually unavoidable in cutting samples; howeve

...s], in G. M. Grammer, P. M. Harris, and G. P. Eberli, eds., Integration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modeling: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.asp ...terization of carbonate ramp reservoirs using Permian San Andres Formation outcrop analogs]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 78, no. 2, p. 181–216.</ref> Porosity variati

...-96/data/pg/0080/0006/0800/0811.htm Ephemeral-fluvial deposits: integrated outcrop and simulation studies reveal complexity]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 80, no. 6, p.

...d from the wellbore, examination of contiguous parts of the reservoir that outcrop at the surface<ref>Guerriero, V., S. Vitale, S. Ciarcia, and S. Mazzoli, 20

...k sample || rowspan=2 | [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop Outcrop] or analog reservoir

...s poorly constrained by [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop], [[Seismic data|seismic]], or well data, models may suggest reasonable opt

M91Ch13FG87.JPG|{{figure number|9}}Fault damage zone from Moab, Utah. The outcrop is about 15 m (49 ft) high (photo courtesy of Angus MacLellan). ...I. D. Bryant, eds., The geological modelling of hydrocarbon reservoirs and outcrop analogs: International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication

The fundamental material for studying dolomite is outcrop, cores, polished-slabs / peels and thin sections (Figs. 3 and 4). The tools [[File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Awais-Figure3.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 3: Outcrop photographs of dolostone / dolomite-rich rocks. (A) Cambrian Jutana Dolomit

..., Azerbaijan]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 82, no. 1, p. 25–29.</ref> as the onshore outcrop analog for the reservoir interval for offshore oil fields in the South Casp

...and cores), but in some places, [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrops] and [[Seismic data|seismic reflection data]] can be used to const ...trinite reflectance]]). The same procedures can be applied to constructing outcrop cross sections.

...Barbara County: Integration of physical, chemical, and biofacies data from outcrop and subsurface, in M. M. Keller, and M. K. McGowen, eds., Miocene and Oligo

...sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone. The Lytle is 50–100 ft thick in the outcrop and consists of 60%–80% sandstone and 20%–40% mudstone<ref name=MacK197 ...hummocky cross-stratified beds (1–2 ft thick) are present in cores and the outcrop sections of the Codell ([[:file:M125-WattenbergField-Figure20.jpg|Figures 2

...osed around the margins of the basin and occur along the northern uplifted outcrop limit. The Ghaggar-Hakra Formation is also encountered in wells in the main

...and their effect on fluid flow in different reservoir types: A LIDAR-based outcrop modeling and flow simulation study: [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bul

...e Marcellus Shale play can be defined to the north, south, and east by the outcrop belt of the unit and to the west by thinning of the Marcellus Shale or its ...twork is present in the Marcellus Shale, as documented by various core and outcrop studies. Natural fracture networks clearly have a function in the Marcellus

...of Pinar del Rio, the extensive [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrops] of [https://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/earthscienceandengineering/rockli ...granite. The basement must also have included Paleozoic sediments known to outcrop in the Maya Mountains, present as fragments in San Cayetano [[conglomerate]

...c aggregates); or by ingestion and excretion by organisms. Observations of outcrop and modern sediment, together with flume experiments, have also shown, for ...Barbara County: Integration of physical, chemical, and biofacies data from outcrop and subsurface, in M. M. Keller and M. K. McGowen, eds., Miocene and Oligoc

...s, J. J. M., 1988, [https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-18153-MS Outcrop-derived quantitative models of permeability heterogeneity for genetically d

...of intermediate-scale reservoir heterogeneity based on a fluvial point-bar outcrop analog, Williams Fork Formation, Piceance Basin, Colorado]: AAPG Bulletin,

...ve but also less accurate method of overcoming data challenges is to use [[outcrop]] and subsurface analog data sets to model the subsurface geology at the st

...braided channel deposits (letters on the vertical section refer to core or outcrop photographs).<ref name=Colemanandprior_1981 />]]

* outcrop analogs/modern depositional environments

...ons of basins and platforms during lower Permian. Also shown are important outcrop locations of Permian age strata, modified from Ruppel<ref name=Ruppl2019>Ru ...depositional systems within the basin the geologist were most familiar. In outcrop in the Glass Mountains along the southern margin of the West Texas Basin an

...delta plain origin. This formation is present between Zonguldak and Cide. Outcrop samples show up to 5.42 wt % TOC. The kerogen is mostly Type III, which is

...ubs/memoir121/data/377_aapg-sp2120377.htm Natural fractures: From core and outcrop observations to subsurface models], in D. Minisini, M. Fantín, I. Lanusse