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==Mud weight and pore pressure== ..._problems_with_overpressured_reservoirs|blows out]], the pressure from the mud is less than, but usually close to, pore pressure.

| chapter = Drilling problems ...de any difficulties encountered while [[drilling a well]]. The most common drilling problems are the creation of doglegs and key seats, hole instability, lost

| chapter = Drilling fluid An essential element of [[drilling a well]] is the drilling fluid or mud. Drilling fluids serve a number of functions:

..._t) of a formation is its resistivity when not contaminated by [[drilling fluid]]s. It may contain formation water only ([[water saturation]] [S<sub> ...gure number|1}}Resistivity profiles of formations with fresh and saltwater mud filtrate invasion.]]

** [[Mud drape]] ** [[Mud information - interpretation]]

...gases or a potential blowout condition. Accurate gas data recorded during drilling is of great value in proper reservoir evaluation and may even pinpoint pote ...1.png|{{figure number|1}}Mud system.<ref name=pt03r51>Whittaker, A., 1991, Mud logging handbook: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall.</ref>

...an normal. This case also applies to shale, so we don't have to wait for a mud kick from a permeable zone to anticipate significant overpressure. Cuttings ...re likely to take place in permeable zones where there is a finite flow of mud filtrate into the formation.

...illed over a 10-ft interval. The interval length can vary depending on the drilling rate and the detail needed for reservoir and lithological descriptions. Whe When a drilling break or change in background gas occurs, supplemental samples should also

...e of their low permeabilities, shales do not equilibrate pressure with the mud column in the well bore. Selecting only the purest shales minimizes the eff ==Log of drilling rate==

...es an accurate and up-to-date record of nearly all activity related to the drilling of the well. ...gure 2]] is an example of the layout and information content of a standard mud log. The general usage of the tracks (columns) on a mudlog are outlined her

;DF:derrick floor or drilling fluid ;DM:drilling mud

===Drilling program=== * [[Drilling problems]]

| Drilling delay to run test || About one logging run (wireline conveyed) || About equ * Screen plugging with material in drilling mud

* Knowledge of drilling and wellsite activities ...ocess. Table 1 summarizes the nomenclature of gas that can result from the drilling process. The presence of these gases should not be confused with a “show.

..., 382 p.</ref> Normal pressures range between 0.43 and 0.50 psi/ft. Normal drilling muds weigh about 9 ppg (pounds per gallon) and exert a bottom hole pressure ...ssure'' refers to pressures higher than normal that require heavy drilling mud to keep formation fluids from entering the borehole. Pressures lower than n

...lling process. Mudlogging incorporates gas analysis and cuttings data with drilling information to build a continuous formation evaluation record as the well i * ''Blender''—A blender agitates and grinds a discrete sample of mud and cuttings and extracts the released gas for measurement.

...ragments of rock cut by the drill bit and circulated to the surface by the mud system). Often, a sample of the drill cuttings is collected for each joint ...(which may prevent blowouts), and stopping points (to prevent unnecessary drilling below the objective section).

* Drilling mud additives ...rinite reflectance data due to contamination by caving. As a result of the drilling process, immature [[kerogen]] caved into the bore-hole and mixed with drill

...ions increase knowledge of well behavior and facilitate communication with drilling personnel. Definitions of the mathematical variables and abbreviations used | MW || Mud weight || lb/gal

...er hull keeps the rig from sinking into the soft mud and provides a stable drilling platform. ...tom) to support the [[surface production equipment]], living quarters, and drilling rig ([[:file:offshore-rigs_fig1.png|Figure 1]]). Multiple [[Wellbore trajec

Direct indications of hydrocarbons—seen in [[drilling fluid]]s, cuttings, cores, or formation tests—may be of several types:<re ! Show type || Core or cuttings || Mud log || Sw% || Log analysis || Dst || [[Wireline formation testers|Repeat fo

| chapter = Drilling a well ...blowout results. Scenes of oilmen dancing with glee as oil gushes over the drilling rig are for the cinema only. In reality, oil field professionals are acutel

...gh ports in the tool wall and pressure gauges respond to the weight of the drilling fluid column. The tester valve is closed. ...ol and drillpipe string. Recovered volumes of oil, gas, water, or drilling mud are recorded.

* Using the weight of drilling mud

* blowout Wikipedia:Blowout (well drilling) * bridge (drilling) http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/b/bridge.aspx

..._w , and indicate [[permeability]] || Does not work in oil-based mud and ''R''_mf and ''R''_w must contrast ...Identify lithology and well-to-well correlation || Does not work in barite mud, is a pad device, and uses a radioactive source

...helped to release the gas trapped in the Lance Pool. Finally, high-density drilling, as dense as one well for five acres, has allowed for significantly improve ...ars) for wells drilled by QEP in Pinedale field. With improved drill bits, mud systems, and crew efficiency, drill times decreased by more than 80% betwee

..., as formation water samples, if available, are invariably contaminated by mud filtrate. ''R''_w is therefore usually calculated, and there are ...meable zones containing a more saline interstitial water than the drilling mud (''R''_w R_mf).

...reserves, then the development stage that is the installation of rigs and drilling the well; finally, the production stage which is the extraction of the oil ...ainable machine learning solution in a real-time drilling system. SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Proceedings, 2020-March. https://doi.org/10.2118/199603-ms</ref

...ociated with a stratigraphically complex field include difficulties in (1) drilling and completion and (2) reservoir characterization and management. ===Drilling and completion problems===

* Recognizing contamination by drilling mud or [[caving]]s

...ng aware of the surroundings and planning accordingly. Before entering the drilling site, ask yourself the following questions: A drilling site is equipped with various safety features, including

...Reservoir depth ranges from 9,000 to 14,000 ft (3000–4700 m), and lateral drilling distances range between 4,600-10,000’ using slick water fluid, 30000-4000 ...ion, as well as huge development inventory from existing locations and pad drilling (Figs. 2, 3). One of the advantages of the Haynesville shale gas is that it

...e different from that under reservoir conditions. These changes are due to drilling processes, gas expansion, and handling errors.<ref name=pt05r22>Bass, D. M. ...when large solution voids are present or when the core is badly invaded by mud solids.

During core acquisition and retrieval, the mud filtrate often invades the core. Invasion can displace over half of the nat ...y, pressure differential and relative permeability of the formation to the mud filtrate, and core diameter.<ref name=Basan_etal_1988 />

...in the efforts to drain a specific configuration of hydrocarbons. Various drilling strategies can be adopted to place wells in specific patterns with the aim ...g the planned direction for the well.<ref>Inglis, T. A., 1987, Directional drilling: London, Graham amp Trotman, 260 p.</ref>

...gue, H₂S embrittlement, differential sticking, and overstressed drilling assembly, causing a twist-off. ...ude a catching tool, bumper jar, oil jar, drill collars, and drill string. Drilling jars (specially strengthened jars) are commonly run in the drill string in

[[File:PinedaleFieldLandRig.png|thumb|400px|Drilling rig in Pinedale field with the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA in the ba ...the efforts to drain a specific configuration of [[hydrocarbon]]s. Various drilling strategies can be adopted to place wells in specific patterns with the aim

| Drilling additive or contaminant or formation fluid ...al properties. In addition, samples of drilling mud, load and kill fluids, drilling additives, and wellsite fuel oils and lubricants should be kept until petro

...s in Appalachia. In a typical open hole completion, casing is set prior to drilling into the producing interval. A nondamaging fluid can then be used to drill ...e of an openhole completion is that production casing must be set prior to drilling and logging the reservoir. If for some geological or engineering reason the

...intrusive injectites or [[diapir]]s or as extrusive eruptive sand blows or mud volcanoes has captured the public's imagination and given scientists the im ...these strata can be found as well as documentation on drilling into mobile mud-cored anticlinal features (diapirs) in southern Trinidad.

...necessary adjustments while drilling to optimize drilling costs and reduce drilling risks. ...2014>Fadiya, S. L. 2014. Impact of wellstie biostratigraphy on exploration drilling in the deepwater offshore Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences 100: 6

* Drilling must be conducted with [[Analysis of mud weights|underbalanced mud]] or air to prevent fracture damage. The Niobrara is an [[Causes of underpr

...roleum Engineers of AIME, 159 p.</ref> A DST is run in the open hole after drilling, and is often used in deciding whether to complete a particular zone. The t ...w valves, and one or two packers. The tool isolates the formation from the mud column in the annulus. When the tool is opened, reservoir fluid can flow in

* Infill drilling planning and production optimizations. ...an oil-based mud or a relatively low conductive mud, like freshwater-based mud.<ref name=Schon_2015>J. Schön, Basic Well Logging and Formation Evaluation

...xcessive damage by [[drilling fluid]]s and should be used in designing the mud program. The anticipated reservoir properties are used to design the test s The best time to run a DST is just after drilling through a potential pay zone, when exposure to damaging fluids is minimal a

...e, can result from the interaction of the reservoir rock with extraneous [[drilling]], [[completion]], [[stimulation]], or [[enhanced recovery]] fluids. Rock-f ...G., 1986, The role of petrographic analyses in the design of non-damaging drilling, completion, and [[stimulation]] programs: Society of Petroleum Engineers P

...age, can result from the interaction of the reservoir rock with extraneous drilling, completion, [[stimulation]], or enhanced recovery fluids. Rock-fluid react ...G., 1986, The role of petrographic analyses in the design of non-damaging drilling, completion, and stimulation programs: Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper

...l drilling in the heavy-oil belt, eastern Venezuela Basin: A postmortem of drilling experiences ...of sandstone and shale, discrete sinuous sandstone-rich belts confined by mud-rich areas, and log-facies architecture are all consistent with deposition

...cs, lithostatic pressure exchange, thermal pressure, high pressure fluids, drilling activity, and even fluids movement, because fluids has a role as burden in ...servoir (17%) obtained from neutron log. Mud loss is thought to occur when drilling these wells. Analysis of the pressure in the well and in the cores have con

...lthough this water is usually contaminated with filtrate from the drilling mud. (For more details, see [[Drill stem testing]].) Additional sampling method

...edded within varying volumes of mud ([[:file:M91FG173.JPG|Figure 2]]). The mud can make up 50% or more of the volume. Channel features, where they survive ...croform]]s found in meander belts include point bars, crevasse splays, and mud-rich channel plugs within a background of floodplain muds. [[Coal]]s are fo

...ffshore. For instance, core taken from a drilling operation on an offshore drilling rig may have cost more than a million dollars to recover. There is an oblig * mud logging data

...n, so stylolite will be formed. Generally, stylolite will be found more in mud-supported rocks (Dickinson and Saller, 1995) than in grainstone and packsto ...highs. When the trap diagenesa formed between rock sequences, exploration drilling on the structural highs will not succeed. To determine the location of pote

...lity]], and [[Water saturation|fluid saturation]] (if [[oil-based drilling mud]] was used during coring). The use of [[Quick-look lithology from logs#Log

...<ref name=Pttr2005>Potter, P. E., J. B. Maynard, and P. J. Depetris, 2005, Mud and mudstones: Introduction and overview: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 297 p.</ .... Bohacs, O. R. Lazar, and R. Jonk, 2010b, Advective sediment transport on mud-dominated continental shelves: Processes and products: AAPG Search and Disc

...found since the 1970s, particularly as a result of an increase in offshore drilling activity. Many of these are Tertiary in age, although large reservoirs of J Thin but laterally extensive mud blankets, either deposited from hemipelagic settling or the muddy tails of

...opment of the Big Sandy field continues using both vertical and horizontal drilling.<ref>Morris, L. J., 2008, [http://www.papgrocks.org/morris_p.pdf Horizontal # Early interest during the drilling of early gas discoveries in the underlying Huntersville [[Chert]] and Orisk

| [[Drilling problems#Hole instability|Borehole condition]], quality control ...nally complex geometry of cross-cutting sands and gravels with subordinate mud-rich beds of varying thickness and dimension. Bar and channel deposits are

...hale resource plays on this map will necessarily require updating based on drilling results. Certainly, other known source rocks are likely prospective as shal ...echanical properties, stress fields, and stimulation processes, horizontal drilling alone would not have caused the shale-gas resource to develop so dramatical

Deltas are major sites of sand and mud deposition. They contain significant volumes of hydrocarbons worldwide ([[: ...nated delta || - || Low recoveries caused by complex geometry and numerous mud and silt baffles

...C. Emeis, C. Richter, and A. Camerlenghia, eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 160, p. 723–782.</ref> Jaffey and Roberts ...d by Cretaceous and Miocene thrusting, fracturing was developed within the mud dominated carbonates.

...r example, Neumann and Land<ref>Neumann, A. C., and L. S. Land, 1975, Lime mud deposition and calcareous algae in the Bight of Abaco, Bahamas: A budget: J ...d by diagenetic cement. However, poor or nonreservoir facies such as tidal mud flats can be modified into reservoir rock by dolomitization. Diagenetic rea

...fieldwork on the basin margins. In the basin, economic activity including drilling, subsurface data collection, completions, and production first targeting wa ...majority of the industry did not have significant involvement, investment, drilling, and subsequent production did not show significant results in either the M

...racteristics of faults can also be gauged from the mud weights used during drilling or the production data from the well after completion. These data can be pl

...([[:file:M125-VacaMuerta-Figure3.jpeg|Figure 3]]) and requires horizontal drilling and hydraulic-fracture stimulation to achieve per-well recoverable volumes ...conventional resources. Considering geochemical parameters, pay thickness, drilling depths, acreage, and availability of infrastructure, the Vaca Muerta Format

...oven will certainly impact the free oil content in Rock-Eval S1. Oil-based mud systems preclude the use of the Rock-Eval S1 and OSI. ...shale-oil resource systems, and these may be the zones to target in future drilling efforts.