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| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal A [[dip]]-sealing fault traps hydrocarbons against the fault plane.

| title = Quantitative Fault Seal Prediction ...ure 1a]] illustrates how this would be calculated, at a given point on a [[fault]] surface, for explicit shale beds (Equation 1):

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal ...ons of the fault zone seal. Given the complex structure and composition of fault zones and the many factors that could affect a seal, it has been surprising

...lt along which movement occurs as sediments are deposited on and above the fault scarp. Continued movement and sedimentation over an extended period of time ...e was originally level, but has since been displaced by movement along the fault. Note thickening of sedimentary layers on the downthrown side. This indicat

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal ..., no. 2, p. 363–374.</ref><ref name=ch10r10>Buck, S., Robertson, G., 1996, Fault seal behavior at Beryl field, UK North Sea: observations from 20 years of p

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal ...ility]], nor areas of sand/sand juxtaposition are constant over the entire fault surface.

...y of surrounding rocks, and timing. Note these characteristics to evaluate fault-associated leakage: ...re. The higher the shale content of the fault fill, the less the chance of fault-plane leakage.

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal ...the fault plane. Dip-leaking faults can be identified by the presence of a fault plane leak point (FPLP).

...ct the likely [[Fault seal behavior|sealing behavior]] of each part of the fault system. ...from the source bed and the compound nature of the clay smear in the fault zone. (No scale on original figure.)

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal ...d sand/shale juxtaposition, establish seal relationships, define potential fault-dependent [[Trap leakage|leak points]], and help assess [[hydrocarbon volum

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal [[file:evaluating-top-and-fault-seal_fig10-45.png|thumb|300px|{{figure number|1}}Distribution of oil and ga

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal ...archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1997/06jun/0897/0897.htm Quantitative fault seal prediction]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 81, no. 6, p. 897–917.</ref>

...hin section analysis]], and construction of [[Fault plane profile analysis|fault-plane maps]] to determine the juxtaposition of rock types along faults. ...eal–conduit behavior and potential [[hydrocarbon column]] height, based on fault morphology and [http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~rmr/E-rock/gougezone.html gouge]

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal A cross-leaking fault allows [[lateral]] communication of hydrocarbons between juxtaposed reservo

| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal ...d sand/shale juxtaposition, establish seal relationships, define potential fault-dependent [[Trap leakage|leak points]], and help assess [[hydrocarbon volum

* [[Fault]] * [[Fault seal]]

...</ref>. Generally speaking, the Main Central Thrust is the ductile [[shear zone]], along which the Great Himalayan Crystalline complex was placed over the ...ts of India and Asia. It is structurally dominated by three north-dipping, fault—bound units stacked by, from north to south, the [[Southern Tibetan Detac

...the strong amplitude reflections from the west are dipping. Top Rotliegend fault blocks are also evident. By using motion (e.g., rotation around the time ax ...cal seismic sections, you will fail to see faults that have trends in this zone. The same phenomenon occurs with depositional stratigraphy.

...intimately associated with and controlled by tectonic folds. || Related to zone of maximum curvature. | rowspan = 2 | Fault-related fracture traps; Fractures are intimately associated with or control

* Map and [[contour]] fault surfaces critical to closure. * Integrate fault and horizon contours.

...et zone and the aperture size required for adequate imaging of that target zone.<ref name=pt07r64>Yilmaz, O., 1987 Seismic Data Processing: Society of Expl ...migrated section that are easily correlated with reflections outside that zone. When we do 2-D migration, we confine the movement of the energy into the p

...splacement pressure]] (DP) on the capillary pressure curve. The transition zone is the interval with co-production of water and hydrocarbons. The fraction ...The ''[[What is a reservoir system?#Waste and transition zones|transition zone]]'' is the elevation range in which water is coproduced with hydrocarbons.

==Growth fault== ...jpg|thumb|300px|{{figure number|1}} Sketch showing a well-developed growth fault and accompanying structures.]]

...e|faults]], which can result in structural traps, including anticlines and fault closures. ...he play in three dimensions, including relative attitudes of formation and fault surfaces

...th's crustal plates that collide with each other will form the subduction zone and cause the forces acting both horizontally and vertically, which will fo ...undary is also known as transform fault. The most common type of transform fault occurs along [[fracture]] zones and connect two divergent plate boundaries

...nt of keeping the well within a specific reservoir interval or hydrocarbon zone.]] ...ctory to keep the well within a specific reservoir interval or hydrocarbon zone. In a strict sense, these wells are rarely perfectly horizontal, but they t

...nt of keeping the well within a specific reservoir interval or hydrocarbon zone.<ref name=Shepherd_2009>Shepherd, Mike, 2009, [http://archives.datapages.co ...ctory to keep the well within a specific reservoir interval or hydrocarbon zone. In a strict sense, these wells are rarely perfectly horizontal, but they t

...nd basins attract the minds of geologists. The profound role of subduction zone emerges as methods in geophysics reveal the structure and composition of ma ...ove inside the Earth. According to the types of involved crust, subduction zone has two separate types: island-arc and active [[continental margin]] (ACM).

...or shear zones) and an arc normal component (accommodated through [[thrust fault]]s).<ref name=Platt93>Platt, J.P. (1993). "Mechanics of Oblique Convergence ...ay be partitioned by the development of a [[strike slip fault]] or [[shear zone]] across the actively deforming region.<ref name=TyesTik /><ref name=Fossen

...D. A., 1996, En echelon geometry and two-dimensional model of the triangle zone, Grease Creek syncline area, Alberta: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geolog * Erslev, E. A., Mayborn, K., R., 1997, Multiple geometries and modes of fault-propagation folding in the Canadian thrust belt: Journal of Structural Geol

...the block edge. (d) When displayed, contours are constrained to inside the fault block polygon and all models are displayed on the same map.<ref name=pt08r1 ...s are constructed for the faults and for each surface on each side of each fault. Operations between surface models prevent them from projecting past one an

...[[Pinar del Rio]]. Carbonates exist in the highly deformed [[Motagua fault zone]], in central [[Guatemala]], but similarity to carbonates found in Cuba is ...tes] are common throughout the Caribbean and extend from the Motagua fault zone, between the Maya and Chortis block, to [[Puerto Rico]]. They also form the

* Much better areal mapping of [[fault]] patterns and connections and delineation of [[reservoir]] blocks ...ne smearing], or [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Fresnel_zone Fresnel zone], problem)

...012). Accordingly, exploration had been focused on the naturally fractured fault zones (these major fractures oriented parallel to the Lower Cretaceous shel ...ses; Male and Zahm (2021) investigated the productivity of wells linked to fault distribution in Karnes Trough area.

...ure influences the development of authigenic materials. Quite possibly the zone of mineralization stays near the [[temperature::200&deg;F]] isotherm, migra ...ea graben. It correlates tectonic activity with pressure leakage caused by fault reactivation and hydraulic fracturing of the top seal.

...observed further away from the wellbore. No condensate is present in this zone and only gas is mobile. * Condensate Buildup Zone: (Zone 2) As we move closer to the wellbore, the reservoir pressure is now below t

...re can appear as a long micro rock separation in micrometer or continental fault until thousands of kilometers. It can be limited by a rock formation or a l ...ture is circulated from matrix fracture and return to fracture, saturation zone with oil and water phase.

...ogist analyzes the structures from core and log data. Having established a fault framework for a field, it is important to know whether or not fluid flow co ...here is a high density of such features or where knowledge of the detailed fault or fracture pattern is important for reservoir development.

...r, more accurate depictions of the [[structure]], particularly the western fault-bounded [[margin]] and the internal [[structure]] of the graben fill, are n ...://doi.org/10.1144/SP471.9 doi:10.1144/SP471.9].</ref>). The major [[fault zone]] on the western side of the SVG can be defined by three significant lineam

...level is a useful reference datum. Commonly contoured horizons are top of zone or top of net pay. Control points are provided by surveyed wells and can be ===Fault planes===

...0046/0046.htm Three-dimensional visualization of salt walls and associated fault systems]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 81, p. 46–61. * Storti, F., Salvini, F., McClay, K., 1997, Fault-related folding in sandbox analogue models of thrust wedges: Journal of Str

...erpressure exists. This method of predicting the depth to an overpressured zone has been widely used, especially in the offshore Gulf coast of the United S .... If the drilling rate increases, it can be inferred that an overpressured zone is being encountered. The rate increases because bottom hole conditions cha

...gas fields of the decade 1978-1988: AAPG Memoir 54, p. 349–370.</ref>), [[fault]] reactivation (Larsen et al., 1993<ref name=Larsenetal1993>Larsen, R. M., ...is in a natural long-term carbon sequestration analogue: Little grand wash fault, Utah: M. S. thesis, University of Texas, Austin, TX.</ref>). As distinctio

...dation]] as well as a currently active meteoric water flow. The transition zone shows interactions of deep fluid [[updip]] migration and meteoric water [[d ...responds to the former Early [[Cretaceous]] basin edge is the [[Guaicaramo fault]] (Bayona et al., 2008<ref name=Bayonaetal2008 />), but some [[thrust]]s an

...of the middle Cretaceous quartzose clastics, and the dip of the subduction zone. '''Stratigraphic unit names followed by an asterisk (i.e., Capitolio*) wer ...conditions were separated by a [[Conglomerate|conglomeratic]] [[breccia]] zone (Sagua la Chica* belt) representing a [[forereef]] facies, although reefs t

...over developing [[fold]]s or the thickening of the section across [[growth fault]]s. The following elements of cross section design are presented as if they ...schematic because stratigraphic and well log variations across a number of fault blocks are the main features of interest and the details of lateral variati

...day of ca. 3 km and have not been significantly inverted. The large, deep fault northwest of the [[Vandana]] area is a major hinge line, controlling deposi ...name=Bladonetal2015a />, 2015<ref name=Bladonetal2015b />). The resulting fault network provides [[fluid migration]] pathway linkages across long distances

...range of geological structures when compared to the more classical rotated fault blocks of the North Viking Graben Brent province. ...etaceous unconformity (BCU) can be envisaged as being related to synrift [[fault]] growth and linkage instead of the result of structural inversion.

# ''The zone of 100% oil production.'' This is located above the height where the water ...re. In some reservoirs, the entire oil column may be within the transition zone.<ref>Fanchi, J. R., R. L. Christiansen, and M. J. Heymans, 2002, Estimating

...o draw a lineament that estimate the geological structures such as faults. Fault is marked by the change of contour line patterns drastically or shifted in # The place where the common structure (fault, stocky, folds, etc.)

...he three effects below are also indicated fluid contact with the flat spot zone as a result of contact fluid on seismic data. ...uniformity of data where the data is not uniform can indicate patterns of fault.

* Groshong, R. H., Jr., 1990, Unique determination of normal fault shape from hanging-wall bed geometry in detached half grabens: Ecologae Geo ...example from the foreland thrust system of the southern Bolivian Subandean zone: Tectonics, vol. 11, p. 523–536, DOI: [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi

...ber|1}}3-D restoration conducted on a faulted and folded layer (Sub-Andean Zone, Bolivia), showing a) the deformed state and b) the restored state. c) Dist ...ck but also that in the footwall block.‎<ref>Erslev, E. A., 1991, Trishear fault-propagation folding: Geology, v. 19, no. 6, p. 617-620.</ref> Three-dimensi

...r soft and ductile layers. Additionally, strong rigidity contrast promotes fault termination, for example, bed-contained joint develop when (μ: shear modul ...s indicate contrast between beds is not too high and will not enhance more fault and joint propagation in the future. While bed-contained joints formed when

| Eastern Tethyan Margin (Countries approximately east of Dead Sea fault zone; including Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Turkey) || 194 || 47 | Western Tethyan Margin (Countries approximately west of Dead Sea fault zone) || 45 || 2

...d and described which correspond to either a continental block or a suture zone that is amalgamated as a result of the Neo-Tethyan collision and which is m ...s also marked with another ophiolitic imbricate zone representing a suture zone which formed as a result of the collision of the Anatolide-Tauride platform

* Fresnel zone http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Fresnel_zone * wrench fault http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.aspx?LookIn=term%20name&filte

...ver and sea water in the absence of tides: in Problems of the humid tropic zone deltas and their implications: UNESCO, Proc. Dacca Symp., p. 175-180.</ref> ...rrent ripples" and small-scale ripple laminations common in the transition zone between the distal bar and distributary-mouth bar. G. Slump structure commo

...] or [[Basic open hole tools|well log]] picks. Correlation across [[growth fault]]s, where stratal thickness and character can vary greatly from the high to

...nference-paper/SPE-24698-MS Characterization of a fluvial-dominated delta: Zone 1 of the Prudhoe Bay Field], Paper No. 24698: Society of Petroleum Engineer ...uthward structural [[dip]]; intersecting east-west and northwest-southeast fault trends), and field-scale geology. Interbedded conglomerates, sandstones, an

...tern margin, this part of Gondwana was characterized by large transcurrent fault systems. This led to extensional tectonics whitin the basin and the evoluti ...ssic-Early Cretaceous: development of a steeply dipping, active subduction zone and the associated evolution of a magmatic arc along the western margin of

...d. Also, the interpretation process generates new data elements, including zone average [[porosity]], net pay, and [[hydrocarbon]] pore feet. ...ntire field study can be processed, complete with field-wide crossplots by zone. Often the output data from the log analysis process is imported into the m

The High Zagros [[Nappe]] zone further to the northeast is characterized by large anticlinal mountains tha ...Figure 5]]). There are no oil and gas discoveries in the High Zagros Nappe zone, although rocks containing bitumen and organic-rich rocks are exposed.

Borehole breakout is the breaking zone of the wellbore’s wall, causing the hole to have an irregular elongated s ...uires lower mud weight and lower cost. Whereas, in a strike-slip or thrust fault system, the preferred drilling direction for inclined or horizontal wells i

...m mid-ocean spreading east of the Arabian Plate, as the active collisional zone in North Africa was located far away in Morocco.<ref name=Craigetal_2008>Cr ...l of Geophysical Research, v. 98, no. B12, p. 877–894.</ref> Its transform fault shows up to 107 km (66 mi) of left [[lateral]] displacement.<ref name=Marte

...the direction perpendicular to the fracture. Brecciation along fracture or fault zones may occur due to shearing or dissolution and collapse. Except where m ...is generally performed after the well has been conditioned by sealing the zone(s) of interest and allowing the production of fluids (see [[Drill stem test

...iation of structural style and basin evolution in the Central Zagros (Izeh zone and Dezful embayment), Iran]: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 21, p. 535-5

...Belt intersects the Denver Basin. The mineral belt is a northeast trending zone across Colorado of Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary mineralization. The mi ...st, v. 55, no. 1, p. 19–52.</ref> The mineral belt is a northeast trending zone across Colorado of Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary mineralization. The mi

...a in them as interpreting these data can facilitate in knowing whether the zone being penetrated is hydrocarbon bearing or not. * [[Fault seal analysis for reservoir development]]

..., and T. H. Mroz, 1999, Natural fracturing in horizontal core near a fault zone: The Rock Island Unit 4-H well, Green River basin, Wyoming: Integrating geo ....73% R_o to map the top of the gas- and water-bearing transition zone above gas-saturated reservoirs in the Piceance basin of Colorado and the Wi

...ore than 1100 wells have been completed as Marcellus producers as a deeper zone in this area. The gas is typically commingled with that from shallower rese ...shows were encountered in the Lockport interval, attempts to complete this zone failed. During drilling, several large gas shows were observed and recorded

...e subsurface data set from the deltaic Jurassic Sognefjord Formation, in a fault-bounded sector of the Troll Field, offshore Norway. The clinoform-modeling ...hy of the Upper Ferron Sandstone Last Chance Delta: An application of coal-zone stratigraphy], in T. C. Chidsey, Jr., R. D. Adams, and T. H. Morris, eds.,

...ir; AG = Agrio fold-and-thrust belt; CH = Chihuidos High; EL = Entre Lomas fault system; HU = Huincul High (modified from Howell et al.<ref> Howell, J. A., ...d geomechanics to define the rock properties. The selection of the landing zone, and the associated understanding of the resource distribution, is importan

...ion includes organogenic/microbial, hydrothermal, geothermal, hydrofrigid, fault-controlled and fracture-related dolomitization (Machel and Lonnee, 2002; Sc ...Sizun, J.P., Vergés, J., Corbellae, M., Stafford, S.L., Alfonso, P., 2015. Fault-controlled and stratabound dolostones in the Late Aptian- earliest Albian B

...> work. These include Antelope Field, fracture development over a basement fault/flexure, Nesson anticline structure; Elm Coulee, a stratigraphic pitchout t ...urbidites that later slumped into the western Midland Basin slope as large fault blocks. Between the more distal carbonate debris and turbidite flows, organ

...ciency in their soils. This accounts for the spread of HIV-1 virus in this zone as selenium which inhibits the replication of HIV-1 is lacking in their soi ...meteoric waters ‘picked up’ fluoride from easily dissolved minerals at the fault and incorporated it into the flow. Fluoride was also injected into the Colo