Search results

• Pyrolysis gas chromatography
  ...ted on whole rock or isolated kerogen samples to obtain a visual signature or “fingerprint” of the organic material present. ...her with the products of natural [[Petroleum generation|generation]] (oil) or with the products of laboratory pyrolysis of the [[asphaltenes]] from oils.
  6 KB (817 words) - 18:19, 9 February 2022
• Pressure prediction: analysis of cuttings
  ...to subsurface pressure conditions as reflected in the state of compaction or induration of the rock. This applies to cuttings from permeable as well as ...he cuttings will be further broken (smaller than normal) and may look worn or abraded. This process is more likely to take place in permeable zones where
  5 KB (818 words) - 17:56, 17 February 2022
• Sandstone diagenetic processes
  ! Preserves or enhances porosity || Destroys porosity | Shallow || <80&deg;C or 176&deg;F (<5,00 to 10,00 ft)
  7 KB (870 words) - 20:30, 5 April 2022
• Geologic mapping (UB)
  ...ological bearings ([[strike]] and [[dip]]s), faults, folds, [[fracture]]s, or many processes have had occurred in earlier times. The Soil might either be coloured, by variety of Lines, or Etchings; but the great care must be, very exactly to note upon the Map
  10 KB (1,547 words) - 14:07, 19 March 2019
• Classification basis
  ...in purpose of the proposed scheme is to help explorationists find more oil or gas traps. A well-constructed classification scheme for traps can serve oth ...that animals are mobile and can search for food, whereas plants are fixed or rooted and rely on food to be brought to them.<ref name=ch02r2 />
  5 KB (686 words) - 17:40, 12 April 2022
• Techniques for enhancing seismic facies analysis
  ...epth and coverts it to time. Put another way, forward modeling takes a 2-D or 3-D geological model and converts it to a simulated seismic section. The si * Interpret stratigraphy and fluid composition at or near the limits of seismic resolution by waveform analysis.
  5 KB (720 words) - 18:51, 4 February 2022
• Fluidic trap system
  ..._gas.aspx gas] accumulations in which the trapping element is the physical or chemical condition of the [[reservoir fluids]]. There are three regimes in
  1 KB (179 words) - 16:23, 13 April 2022
• Top seal integrity: Central Graben example
  ...ng-top-and-fault-seal_fig10-39.png|Figure 1]] is an example of evaluating, or risking, top seal integrity using two traps in the Central Graben, North Se ...top-and-fault-seal_fig10-39.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Evaluating, or risking, top seal integrity using two traps in the Central Graben, North Se
  6 KB (910 words) - 15:44, 30 March 2022
• Shale gouge ratio
  The shale gouge ratio is simply the percentage of [[shale]] or [[clay]] in the slipped interval. [[:File:Shale-gouge-ratio-fig3.png|Figure ...y material). The SGR represents, in a general way, the proportion of shale or clay that might be entrained in the fault zone by a variety of mechanisms.
  3 KB (473 words) - 20:04, 11 March 2015
• Rock quality
  ...is much more effective for determining quality. The K_a/Φ ratio or the r₃₅ method yields information about the fluid flow and stora ...f fluid flow efficiency and storage, as shown by the K_a/Φ ratio or r₃₅, flow unit 2 is actually the better rock.
  10 KB (1,534 words) - 16:53, 4 April 2022
• Surficial geochemical survey objectives
  ..., distribution, and composition of hydrocarbons in the area of exploration or development interest and ...m/data/bulletns/1982-83/data/pg/0067/0006/0900/0932.htm Predictions of oil or gas potential by near-surface geochemistry]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 67, p. 932
  8 KB (1,055 words) - 16:29, 25 January 2022
• Mudlogging: equipment, services, and personnel
  ''Mudlogging'', sometimes called hydrocarbon logging or physical formation logging, involves the monitoring and recording of a vari ...pressure and flow alarm and purge system to detect vacuum system blockage or leaks.
  8 KB (1,031 words) - 15:27, 24 January 2022
• Cased hole tools
  ...y or safely making the necessary open measurements or because insufficient or inappropriate open hole measurements were taken over particular zones. ...e life of a well, changes in saturation of the pore space by oil, gas, and/or water may be induced by sustained production. When these changes occur, eva
  10 KB (1,427 words) - 16:26, 18 January 2022
• Burial history chart
  ...ming of petroleum generation based on calculated [[vitrinite reflectance]] or other maturity parameters are commonly overlain on the burial history diagr
  2 KB (268 words) - 19:15, 25 June 2015
• Pressure compartment seals
  A seal can be either a pressure seal, a capillary seal, or both. They are defined as follows: ...where [[capillary pressure]] across the pore throats of a rock is greater or equal to the buoyancy pressure from a [[hydrocarbon column]]. Water can mov
  5 KB (763 words) - 17:58, 17 February 2022
• Diagenetic traps: criteria for recognition
  ...http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_53/53-373-547.pdf saddle]] or nonplanar dolomite, ferroan [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/poi ...boundaries within a given formation not coincident with structural closure or facies boundaries
  5 KB (611 words) - 21:06, 4 February 2022
• Definitions of depositional system elements
  A depositional sequence is bounded by [[Unconformity|unconformities]] or the correlative conformities and is subdivided by internal surfaces of tran ...ring one phase of relative sea level cycle, such as lowstand systems tract or highstand systems tract.
  7 KB (901 words) - 20:45, 22 February 2022
• Stratigraphic trap system
  ...stratigraphic in nature and formed as a result of depositional, erosional, or diagenetic processes. These processes are the basis for the three regimes o
  1 KB (166 words) - 16:13, 13 April 2022
• Production problems
  ...oblems can be avoided or delayed through preventive maintenance techniques or early recognition from regular analysis of producing rates, fluids, and the ...om/en/Terms.aspx?LookIn=term%20name&filter=oil-water%20contact oil-water] (or oil-gas) contact. When the vertical pressure gradient exceeds the hydrostat
  16 KB (2,540 words) - 18:41, 20 January 2022
• Drive mechanisms and recovery
  ...present in the same reservoir. A combination drive may also occur when one or more of the primary drive mechanisms are assisted by ''gravity drainage''. In a solution (or dissolved) gas drive reservoir, the oil-bearing rock is completely surround
  16 KB (2,374 words) - 20:46, 19 January 2022
• Growth fault
  ...lishment Pluton) or core metamorphosis process. Beginning a rigid material or ductile experiencing high angle normal faults when the basin is formed (pre Normal fault zone formed on a fairly broad traction as the plume dimantel or at the time of the formation of the basin. This tug zone causes normal faul
  4 KB (630 words) - 18:28, 2 April 2019
• Biostratigraphic correlation and age determination
  ...owest occurrence of a species or lineage, is a reliable datum only in core or [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] samples because ...1–875.</ref> The clustering of fossil extinctions often represents missing or condensed sections. Correlation of tops is the most rapid and economical bi
  11 KB (1,595 words) - 18:09, 24 January 2022
• AAPG Wiki:Editing the main page
  ...e image at least 400 &times; 400 pixels — you can use Apple Preview, GIMP, or any image editing software.
  3 KB (553 words) - 13:43, 1 July 2014
• Stratigraphically complex fields
  |   Fluvial or deltaic [[sandstone]] on carbonate shelf |   Shelf edge, slope or basinal
  8 KB (983 words) - 20:49, 19 January 2022
• How to plot the strike data to the Rosette diagram
  ...other planar feature and a horizontal plane. Strike indicates the attitude or position of linear structural features such as faults, beds, joints, and [[ ...st the outcrop and then the compass against the book to get a smoother and/or a larger surface), until the air bubble in the "Bull's eye level" is center
  5 KB (747 words) - 18:47, 26 March 2019
• Seal thickness
  ...ractured]] completely, or of having local variations in fracture intensity or [[Pore and pore throat sizes|pore throat diameter]] that provide a leakage
  3 KB (464 words) - 20:56, 31 March 2022
• Risk: dealing with risk aversion
  ...get), the magnitude of potential gain (or loss), and the chance of success or failure. Risk aversion makes small and large firms respond differently to t ...iarity || The “comfort bias”: decision makers are more risk prone in deals or environments with which they have had past good experience
  10 KB (1,487 words) - 18:22, 21 January 2022
• Offshore rigs
  An offshore rig is a large structure on or in water with facilities to drill wells, to extract and process oil and [ht ...led ''floaters''. These rigs can drill in water depths deeper than jackups or platforms can. They have several special features to facilitate this:
  7 KB (1,016 words) - 16:56, 20 January 2022
• Pressure prediction: analysis of well-log and seismic data
  ...sity logs (as well as some others) can give clues to the presence of over- or underpressure. Shale sections are best for analysis of logs for abnormal po ...asonably thick to allow valid responses of the other logs and free of sand or lime stringers. (See points a–e, [[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its
  5 KB (733 words) - 17:57, 17 February 2022
• Type I kerogen
  ...ee common source rock evaluation errors made by geologists during prospect or play appraisals]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 93, issue 3, pp. 341-356.</ref>]]
  1 KB (176 words) - 21:06, 6 July 2015
• Solar energy
  ...t, most dependable technology to harness the power of the sun. Solar cells or solar modules are easy to install and, as a result of their simplicity, req ...ns, remotely located communities and dwellings, space vehicles, and marine or air navigation beacons.
  7 KB (1,091 words) - 13:31, 12 September 2014
• Tar sands
  ...define tar sands as "reservoirs that contain low-gravity oil (~10&deg; API or less) and need a large thermal input to reduce the oil viscosity to a level ...or extra-heavy-oil accumulations having remained undiscovered, unreported, or undeveloped. All important tar-sand deposits may therefore not have been di
  7 KB (1,012 words) - 13:40, 18 March 2019
• Coal
  ...l fuel] source of energy; coal reserves are 5 times as large as either oil or gas reserves, and coal resources are estimated to be about 17 times the oil ...lassified by rank, which essentially indicates the degree of coalification or stage of metamorphism that a coal reaches in its slow, progressive transfor
  5 KB (737 words) - 14:52, 15 August 2016
• Mudlogging: the mudlog
  ...). Each mudlogger is responsible for plotting the data acquired during his or her tour. In this way, the mudlog becomes an accurate and up-to-date record ...d to prevent confusion or misunderstanding over the meaning of a log trace or annotation.
  5 KB (752 words) - 15:39, 24 January 2022
• Types of completions
  ...ngle perforated casing completions are used; however, multiple, alternate, or slim hole completions may be used under certain conditions. The choice of c ...be set prior to drilling and logging the reservoir. If for some geological or engineering reason the target formation is not productive, then money has b
  13 KB (1,944 words) - 19:56, 18 January 2022
• Paleobathymetry
  ...ocene, Pliocene, and Miocene foraminiferal species either are still living or have very close living relatives in modern oceans. In practice, this evolut ...meter because it does not directly influence the morphology, distribution, or biological processes of marine organisms. However, foraminifera can help us
  7 KB (921 words) - 18:09, 24 January 2022
• Dolomite
  ...ty exists for reactions to occur toward a more stable (more stoichiometric or better ordered) phase. ...olomite that is stable in a given environment, or are imperfectly ordered, or both, but which would transform to dolomite if equilibrium were established
  9 KB (1,409 words) - 19:14, 3 March 2016
• Oil and condensate analysis
  ...These data also can be essential for equity studies and for environmental or pollution cases. Table 1 provides a quick reference to common questions tha | Drilling additive or contaminant or formation fluid
  14 KB (2,013 words) - 16:48, 20 January 2022
• Monte Carlo and stochastic simulation methods
  ...oil saturation (S₀), and a binary indicator (I) set equal to 1 or 0 depending on whether the sample location belongs to a certain pay formati ...t, it is essential to evaluate the uncertainty attached to these estimates or, better still, to evaluate the probability distributions of the response va
  11 KB (1,623 words) - 19:24, 19 January 2022
• Water resistivity determination
  ...shales). Deflections to the left of the shale line are regarded as normal or negative, and correspond to porous and permeable zones containing a more sa ...he right of the shale line. Such a deflection is considered to be reversed or positive ([[:file:determination-of-water-resistivity_fig2.png|Figure 2]]).
  13 KB (2,077 words) - 17:26, 18 January 2022
• Kinetics
  ...ub>46</sub>-C₅₅, C₅₆-C₈₀), compound type, or a combination thereof.<ref name=Petersetal_2012>Peters, Kenneth E., David J
  1 KB (203 words) - 19:52, 25 June 2015
• Gravity in petroleum exploration
  ...ravity meter has broad application, from locating [[porosity]] in wildcats or through [[casing]] in old wells to monitoring fluid changes in productive [
  1 KB (187 words) - 17:53, 25 January 2022
• Land rigs
  ...ferent rig systems by belts, chains, and drive shafts on a mechanical rig, or by generated DC electrical power on an electric rig. Power is distributed t ...end of the drill collars is the ''bit''. The bit does the actual grinding or cutting of the rock. The style of bit used is dependent on the rock type an
  12 KB (2,020 words) - 16:19, 20 January 2022
• Type II kerogen
  ...ee common source rock evaluation errors made by geologists during prospect or play appraisals]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 93, issue 3, pp. 341-356.</ref>]]
  1 KB (181 words) - 21:10, 6 July 2015
• Vertical and lateral seismic resolution and attenuation
  ...apart two interfaces must be to distinguish separate reflections from them or how thick a bed must be to allow distinguishable reflections from the bed's ...velocity of about 6000 ft/sec for a wavelet with 60-Hz dominant frequency, or about [[length::250 ft]] for a deep bed with 15,000 ft/sec velocity and a 1
  8 KB (1,164 words) - 20:24, 21 January 2022
• Type III kerogen
  ...ee common source rock evaluation errors made by geologists during prospect or play appraisals]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 93, issue 3, pp. 341-356.</ref>]]
  1 KB (180 words) - 21:11, 6 July 2015
• Botucatu Formation
  ...sorted, texturally mature, may contain altered feldspar cemented by silica or iron oxide, which gives it the reddish color and also shows inverse grading
  3 KB (432 words) - 17:54, 22 March 2019
• Sandstone
  ...mmon in the geologic record one-third of all sandstones and commonly white or light, may be stained red, pink, yellow and brown by iron oxides. ...abundant presence of potassium feldspars or iron oxides, may be light gray or white. Its contain less than 90 percent [[quartz]], more feldspars than lit
  10 KB (1,508 words) - 15:44, 22 March 2019
• Pressure compartments
  ...depths of [[depth::2500 m]] and 25% or more at depths of [[depth::3000 m]] or more.<ref name=ch05r12 /> These porosities are those that would be expected
  6 KB (828 words) - 17:57, 17 February 2022
• Who finds oil?
  Theoretically, every geologist with a master's degree or higher from an accredited institution has the necessary scientific backgrou ...a problem can be a successful approach. However, the creative spark of one or more members of the team to correctly interpret the geology (with the aid o
  6 KB (826 words) - 14:29, 18 February 2022
• Preprocessing of logging data
  The preprocessing or data preparation step is potentially the most time-consuming part of a larg ;1. Move digital log data from logging field tapes or digitized logs to the log processing environment: If paper copies of logs w
  13 KB (2,094 words) - 17:42, 18 January 2022
• Geology
  ...e little evidence of the original form and character of the rock. Physical or ''dynamic geology'' is the name commonly applied to the field of specializa
  4 KB (561 words) - 21:20, 1 February 2023
• Stratigraphic trap
  ...ositional trap regime|depositional]], [[Erosional trap regime|erosional]], or [[Diagenetic trap regime|diagenetic]] processes. As technology evolves and
  1 KB (176 words) - 12:51, 3 July 2014
• Reservoir system analysis
  ...the field. Reservoir performance affects the economic viability of a play or prospect and is a function of reservoir system quality. Performance is expr ...ir system quality is the capacity of a reservoir to store and transmit oil or gas. The quality of a reservoir system is determined by its
  4 KB (547 words) - 18:09, 1 April 2022
• Nature of the oil and gas lease
  ...as are to be included in the property described, to a lessee, for a fixed or determinable period of time. In some cases, ''top'' leases are obtained on ...s, may agree to perform certain services, such as drilling and seismic and/or geological surveys. Also, the lessee provides the lessor with a cost-free r
  15 KB (2,397 words) - 19:26, 19 January 2022
• Pc curves and saturation profiles
  ...y pressure, i.e., [[hydrocarbon column]]. Macropore reservoirs have little or no saturation transition zone. ...ropore reservoirs have longer saturation transition zones than macroporous or [[Wikipedia:Mesoporous material|mesoporous]] reservoirs; immobile water sat
  5 KB (752 words) - 16:53, 4 April 2022
• Conventional coring
  ...thout the expense of [[trip]]ping pipe. A mature field might need a sponge or pressure core to help pin down remaining reserves. These three situations d ...nsure success when coring unconsolidated sand, also incorporate split ring or slip type catchers to improve core recovery in the event that coring ends i
  13 KB (1,885 words) - 20:49, 19 January 2022
• Magnetotellurics survey measurements
  The H-field is the “source” signal, or the primary field. It propagates across the surface of the earth. Because i ...is the same physical principle as the alternator in a car. An alternating or spinning magnetic field (H-field) sets up current flow in the wire windings
  4 KB (519 words) - 19:57, 27 January 2022
• Surface production equipment
  ...l equipment on the lease. After the oil and gas leaves the lease, pipeline or facilities engineers take over. ...g head, and a Christmas tree. For each string of pipe in the well, casing, or tubing, some means of support and pressure sealing must be provided. This i
  9 KB (1,343 words) - 18:42, 20 January 2022
• Production logging
  ...y larger in diameter. These surveys are run before the tubing is in place, or else it must be removed and the well shut-in. * Evaluating the effectiveness of well treatment or [[workover]] operations by comparing the before and after job surveys
  12 KB (1,726 words) - 16:48, 20 January 2022
• Midale porosity, pore geometries, and petrophysics
  ...than 1μ in radius, with an abundance of pore throats about 0.5μ in radius or smaller (see [[:file:predicting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fi
  5 KB (659 words) - 16:54, 12 April 2022
• Micropermeable seal leakage
  ...no longer zero, but it may be small. Finally, where [[fracture]]s are few or where fracture apertures are very small, fracture porosity may be invaded, ...more likely to suffer micropermeable leakage than accumulations under salt or claystone seals.<ref name=ch11r11>Grunau, H., 1987, A worldwide look at the
  5 KB (742 words) - 17:11, 1 February 2022
• Enhanced oil recovery
  ...njection of chemical compounds dissolved in water, the injection of steam, or the injection of a gas that is miscible with the oil in place. As a result, ...recovery operations. The main factors that control the value of ''S''_or are pore geometry, rock [[wettability]], and the properties of the di
  12 KB (1,794 words) - 21:19, 19 January 2022
• Wireline formation testers
  # gas-oil or water-oil contacts, and ...ssure measurement, the formation tester is activated and hydraulically set or pressed against the formation. These conditions are shown schematically in
  10 KB (1,446 words) - 17:42, 18 January 2022
• AAPG statement on hydraulic fracturing
  ...ids vary widely, the commonly used ingredients are limited in toxicity and/or mobility in water.
  1 KB (187 words) - 16:47, 18 July 2016
• Log interpretation: initial quick scan
  ...r]] than nonreservoir information, and when one is unfamiliar with an area or wants to broadly reconnoiter an area, a scanning technique that sorts reser ...be radioactive productive zones. ²Shaly zones might produce oil or gas even if they have low resistivity.<ref name=AsquithandKrygowski_2006>As
  4 KB (543 words) - 14:11, 21 August 2014
• Natural gas: history and forecast
  ...en rid of as cheaply as possible, commonly by venting it to the atmosphere or by [[flaring]] it. Exploratory drilling for natural gas was not seriously c ...and distributing it. Natural gas can only be transported through pipelines or in liquefied form in special, very expensive cryogenic tankers. There was l
  5 KB (786 words) - 16:33, 25 June 2015
• Rock Eval analysis using hydrogen index (HI) and oxygen index (OI)
  ...e II kerogen|II]], or [[Type III kerogen|III]] and if the rock will be oil or gas prone.
  3 KB (525 words) - 18:09, 9 February 2022
• Production testing
  ...d buildup tests) are impractical due to time constraints, well conditions, or extremely low well productivity. ...ressure buildup tests from which [[permeability]] and the extent of damage or stimulation can be estimated.<ref name=pt09r14>Lee, W. J., 1982, Well Testi
  14 KB (2,165 words) - 18:42, 20 January 2022
• Sandstone diagenesis: composition and texture
  ...he variety of minerals, the lower the chemical stability (more cementation or dissolution occurs). Sandstones with abundant lithics, feldspars, or [[chert]] have less occlusion of [[porosity]] by quartz overgrowths and mor
  5 KB (729 words) - 20:48, 5 April 2022
• Thermal maturation
  ...ic matter (e.g., conversion of sedimentary organic matter to [[petroleum]] or [[cracking]] of oil to [[gas]].) Different geochemical scales, such as [[vi | Vitrinite reflectance (V_r or R_o )
  8 KB (1,113 words) - 18:10, 24 January 2022
• Flow units and containers
  ...type. Petrophysical characteristics, such as distinctive log character and/or porosity-[[permeability]] relationships, define individual flow units. Infl ...reservoir system subdivision'' consisting of a pore system, made up of one or more flow units, that responds as a unit when fluid is withdrawn. Container
  9 KB (1,231 words) - 18:42, 1 April 2022
• AAPG Wiki:Wikification
  ...hink of it as all the things you need to do to the Encyclopedia Britannica or a mid-term essay into a Wikipedia article. The main element is formatting u * Formatting all lists as wiki lists, ordered or unordered
  8 KB (1,043 words) - 14:09, 6 August 2013
• Mancos Shale Play in New Mexico
  ...nvariably from the Upper Mancos, from an interval sometimes called El Vado or Niobrara. Unfortunately, some pools that produce from the same stratigraphi ...wer units (e.g., the Dakota; [[:file:Figure2MancosCommRept.jpg|Figure 2]]) or higher units (e.g., Mesaverde, Pictured Cliffs, Fruitland; [[:file:Figure1M
  6 KB (985 words) - 20:14, 2 June 2021
• Hydrodynamic flow and pressure transients
  A hydrodynamic gradient will either increase or decrease the height of a trapped [[hydrocarbon]] column.<ref name=ch10r67>S ...capacity based upon the capillary model assume a static pressure gradient or a uniform regional hydrodynamic gradient.
  4 KB (477 words) - 14:34, 1 April 2022
• Other correlation features
  ...or nondeposition, but not by subaerial erosion due to stream rejuvenation or basinward shift in facies”.<ref name=ch21r45>Van Wagoner, J. C., 1995, [h ...he condensed section. In starved areas, it is associated with a hardground or marine dissolution surface.<ref name=ch21r48>Weber, L. J., J. F. Sarg, and
  6 KB (872 words) - 15:20, 4 February 2022
• Van Krevelen diagram
  ...ee common source rock evaluation errors made by geologists during prospect or play appraisals]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 93, issue 3, pp. 341-356.</ref>]]
  1 KB (194 words) - 15:46, 8 March 2016
• Seismic interpretation: surface slicing
  ...atio]] than [[Picking_horizons_in_3-D_data#Voxel_tracking|voxel tracking]] or [[Picking_horizons_in_3-D_data#Autopicking|autotracking]] because it is not * [[Two- or three-dimensional interpretation]]
  4 KB (553 words) - 19:30, 27 January 2022
• Burial destruction
  ...t of an [[accumulation]], the conversion of [[oil]] to [[Natural gas|gas]] or dilution of gas by nonhydrocarbon components in the deep burial environment ...ld not be expected at subsurface temperatures > [[temperature::150&deg;C]] or a [[maturation]] level much above 1.3% R_o. Dry gas accumulations
  11 KB (1,525 words) - 18:50, 1 February 2022
• Seal ductility
  | Composition || Not all limestones or shales have the same ductility. Compositional variations such as total orga | Fluid composition || The presence or absence of fluids and their composition affects ductility.
  4 KB (510 words) - 15:22, 30 March 2022
• Electrical methods
  ...of the subsurface can be interpreted in terms of soil characteristics and/or rock type and geological structure. Resistivity data are usually integrated ...an-generated) energy source and those using naturally occurring electrical or electromagnetic energy as a source. The controlled source methods are most
  15 KB (2,130 words) - 21:19, 19 January 2022
• Mapping unconformities
  ...surface to predict trap location. Traps can be located above (onlap traps) or below (truncation traps) the unconformity. Seals, reservoir-quality rocks, ...to a flat datum above or below the unconformity to define paleotopography or paleostructure (see [[:file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-35.png|
  7 KB (977 words) - 20:39, 4 February 2022
• Seismic data: analyzing individual reflectors
  ...lysis within specific reflectors can give us clues to changes in lithology or [[porosity]].
  4 KB (481 words) - 18:20, 4 February 2022
• Core orientation
  ...r orientation of a core cylinder is determined. Typically, a mark, groove, or line is placed on the surface of the core and the ''in situ'' [[azimuth]] o ...can be discerned in the core, it may be possible to use [[dipmeter]] logs or data from [[Borehole imaging devices|borehole televiewers]] to determine th
  13 KB (1,964 words) - 20:50, 19 January 2022
• Depositional sequence analysis of plays
  ...stratigraphy of a basin. This is especially true in basins containing oil or gas traps that can be used as analogs. [[Sequence stratigraphy]], interpret ...raphic changes, such as updip pinch-outs of rocks with reservoir potential or mounds of reservoir-quality rocks, in the context of a depositional sequenc
  8 KB (1,184 words) - 20:44, 4 February 2022
• Relationships between maturity and hydrocarbon generation
  ...(R_o) are generally associated with the onset of oil generation or indicate the top of the oil window. However, this generality applies only i
  2 KB (220 words) - 16:10, 10 February 2022
• Charge volume
  ^{* A function of lithology, depth, degree of fracturing, and/or faulting} ...ydrocarbons should be migrating. A rougher estimate can be made from a map or the stucture as it exists today. A drainage map is made from the migration
  6 KB (834 words) - 20:41, 14 February 2022
• 3-D seismic data: the data cube
  ...-D seismic lines? A 3-D seismic survey has many advantages over a 2-D line or a grid of 2-D lines—even a dense one. (A 2-D grid is considered dense if ...from a [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Crossline_smearing cross-line smearing], or [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Fresnel_zone Fresnel zone], problem)
  5 KB (813 words) - 19:05, 27 January 2022
• Seismic data interpretation - recurring themes
  ...s, in effect, an edge detection technique. The bigger the [[velocity]] and/or [[density]] contrast between the rocks, the stronger the edge. ...]]s, including a [[Fluid contacts|fluid contact]], [[porosity]] variation, or shale density change.
  5 KB (739 words) - 18:51, 27 January 2022
• Overview of routine core analysis
  ...ore analysis can be divided into several different types: (1) conventional or plug analysis, (2) whole core analysis, and (3) sidewall core analysis.<ref ===Conventional or plug analysis===
  14 KB (2,121 words) - 21:16, 19 January 2022
• Migration by solution in water
  ...y. The method of transport is either through direct transport by the water or by diffusion through the water. Reservoirs formed by this type of [[Hydroca ...il. As the water mass moves into lower temperature and pressure conditions or its salinity increases, the hydrocarbons exsolve and form a free phase. Thi
  6 KB (915 words) - 15:16, 14 February 2022
• Owners of oil and gas interests
  ...r publicly owned, is reflected in the public records of the various states or, in the case of interests owned by the federal government, in the offices o ...property, and if not, they are treated in a manner that achieves the same or a similar result.
  19 KB (2,972 words) - 19:25, 19 January 2022
• Type IIS kerogen
  ...ee common source rock evaluation errors made by geologists during prospect or play appraisals]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 93, issue 3, pp. 341-356.</ref>]]
  1 KB (205 words) - 21:10, 6 July 2015
• Tight gas reservoirs: evaluation
  ...voirs with estimated ''in situ'' gas permeabilities of 0.1 md (millidarcy) or less are officially recognized by the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commis ...the occlusion of interstitial pore throats by detrital or authigenic clays or cement (see [[Rock-water reaction: formation damage]]). Thus, a proper geol
  11 KB (1,444 words) - 21:26, 4 January 2024
• Reserves estimation
  ...includes known oil and gas deposits present that cannot be technologically or economically recovered (OOIP and OGIP) as well as other undiscovered potent ...gineering data. Depending on the amount and quality of data available, one or more of the following methods may be used to estimate reserves:
  16 KB (2,550 words) - 17:47, 21 January 2022
• Forward modeling of seismic data
  ...f the earth to simulate seismic field experiments. Models can be one, two, or three dimensional and consist of depth horizons and associated P wave veloc ...verify the original interpretation. If needed, the original interpretation or model is altered and the process repeated until a desired correlation betwe
  10 KB (1,513 words) - 21:16, 19 January 2022
• Wellbore trajectory
  ...ole assembly used and the weight on the bit. The ''bottom hole assembly'', or ''BHA'', is that portion of the drill string closest to the drill bit. It c * Vertical or straight
  14 KB (2,167 words) - 20:46, 19 January 2022
• Techsteq Solution: Virus analysis and elimination
  ...p the functionality of your system. Computer viruses are a series of codes or programs that are copied without observing security standards and transmitt
  1 KB (216 words) - 08:11, 14 December 2019
• Factors that oppose hydrocarbon migration
  ...]] from high to low potential energy and are responsible for concentrating or dispersing the hydrocarbons. ...ater) is continuous. The nonwetting phase is generally assumed to form one or more continuous networks through a bed when its concentration exceeds betwe
  8 KB (1,133 words) - 15:16, 14 February 2022
• Practical suggestions for oil correlation
  ...lost much of their valuable information during cracking, phase separation, or both. ...mical data can lead to geochemically based correlations that are difficult or impossible to justify geologically.
  5 KB (718 words) - 17:24, 15 February 2022
• SEM, XRD, CL, and XF methods
  *Carbon or Au/Pd coating generally needed. ...| 10–40kV X-ray wavelength fixed. Low M.A. current || Diffraction patterns or digital files for comparison to “standards” files. || Mineralogy on sem
  11 KB (1,477 words) - 15:25, 24 January 2022
• Seismic data - creating an integrated structure map
  ...ay not work in areas with severe static problems (i.e., lots of topography or a rapidly changing weathered layer such as glacial till). It also fails whe ...d seismic time picks exist. The wells used as control do not need velocity or density logs but must penetrate the event of interest. The event depth ''z'
  7 KB (1,117 words) - 17:51, 25 January 2022
• Overpressure and hydrocarbon distribution, Gulf Coast
  ...s production from more than 20,000 wells. Most hydrocarbons are found near or slightly above the top of the overpressured zone. The chance of success is ...top seals|hydrofracturing]] rather than a simple loss of reservoir quality or other variable. Deeper reservoirs have the peak gas occurrence below the to
  4 KB (605 words) - 20:30, 30 March 2022
• Economics
  ...ity. It’s important to realize that prices of the oil resource are not set or determined by a particular company, it is subject to market forces of deman ...condition. This therefore implies that a greater number of people use oil or its related products and implies that the demand for the oil will increase
  6 KB (926 words) - 19:38, 14 March 2019
• Spontaneous potential logs in water resistivity calculation
  ...n water taken from the zone of interest at the well site or a nearby well, or it can be calculated using spontaneous potential (SP) log data.
  6 KB (1,027 words) - 16:40, 5 April 2022
• Depositional systems tract
  ...s us construct high-frequency [[Paleogeography|paleogeographic maps]], one or more for each depositional systems tract. These maps help us predict [[rese
  2 KB (215 words) - 15:43, 23 February 2022
• Rock-Eval pyrolysis
  ...large relative to S2, an alternative source such as migrated hydrocarbons or contamination should be suspected ...rbon content of the sample || Residual carbon content of sample has little or no potential to generate hydrocarbons due to a lack of hydrogen and the che
  4 KB (573 words) - 18:22, 8 February 2022
• East Breaks petroleum geology
  ...Gulf Coast Section SEPM 15th Annual Research conference, p. 245–256.</ref> or completely bypassed valley conduits subsequently filled by [[mudstone]] plu
  4 KB (494 words) - 13:44, 5 December 2023
• Land description and maps
  ...d or point on the earth is unique and distinguishable from any other tract or point—that is, if they are described in a legally sufficient manner. ...zontal surface that show the shape, dimensions, and extent of a given area or tract of land. In contrast to this, altimetric (commonly called topographic
  15 KB (2,269 words) - 19:25, 19 January 2022
• Pickett plot construction
  ...lets us compare water saturations of different parts of a reservoir in one or many wells. The Pickett plot<ref name=ch09r45>Pickett, G., R., 1973, Patter ...7.png|Figure 2]]. R_w values are published by logging companies, or we can calculate them from the SP log.
  6 KB (878 words) - 16:16, 5 April 2022
• Growth strata
  Growth or syntectonic strata are stratigraphic intervals that were deposited during [ ...thin toward the structural high. Growth strata are generally folded in one or more limbs of the structure. In [[:file:ST53_Part01_Pg11A.jpg|Figure 1]], g
  13 KB (1,930 words) - 22:28, 20 January 2016
• Pay determination
  ...ected volume of recoverable hydrocarbons from a field under a set of known or predicted economic conditions. It is of importance from the field discovery ...reservoir units that have differing fluid saturations or pore geometries, or that are present at different elevations above the Basic open hole tools [h
  13 KB (1,799 words) - 19:01, 20 January 2022
• Petroleum source rocks
  ...ass to rock mass. Thermally immature hydrogen-rich organic matter (H/C > 1 or HI > 300) has oil-generative potential, whereas lower hydrogen content usua ...leum (thermal immaturity), or it may generate petroleum (thermal maturity) or generate, expel, and overheat the residual organic matter, leaving only cha
  12 KB (1,616 words) - 17:35, 13 April 2022
• Minibasin
  ...for relationships between sedimentation and [[deformation]], like faulting or folding. [[:file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-44.png|Figure 2]] is a sch ...age of expanded sedimentary section downthrown to each major growth fault or salt high. Along the [[cross section]], the expanded section occurs in prog
  7 KB (952 words) - 18:44, 21 March 2022
• Depth and thickness conversion
  ...is the first step in arriving at a consistent representation of structural or stratigraphic data for a field in a three-dimensional grid. This is particu ...depth must be corrected to subsea depth or ground elevation (or rig floor or kelly bushing elevation) using information commonly found on log headers. F
  17 KB (2,363 words) - 16:49, 20 January 2022
• Fault-dependent leak points, continuity, and charge
  ...ly two of numerous examples. In some basins, this regional seal is lacking or limited. In the Gulf Coast, the [[North Frisco City field]] exists because
  4 KB (556 words) - 20:56, 31 March 2022
• Oilfield water analysis
  ...ue is the weight of the element in parts per million divided by the atomic or molecular weight and multiplied by the valence. In comparing waters, it is ...15–1710., 2118/951376-G</ref> The cations are plotted to the left on three or four lines, and the anions are plotted to the right. Milliequivalents are u
  7 KB (1,011 words) - 16:57, 20 January 2022
• Sandstone permeability prediction from texture
  ...sandstone [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369508/matrix matrix] or grains. As matrix, detrital clays can obliterate permeability. Detrital gra ...il it approaches the size of the pore throats. Throats become more tabular or sheet-like. Sandstone porosity may be quite low (<5%) and still have some p
  9 KB (1,118 words) - 17:03, 6 April 2022
• Pore throat size and connectivity
  ...s a product of the size and shape of the room. The movement of people into or out of that room is a product of the size, shape, and number of doors. A la How does one characterize the size of a pore system: by pore size or by pore throat size? Characterizing the size of a pore system by pore size
  4 KB (650 words) - 14:23, 4 April 2022
• Chromatography
  ...aphy is composed of either a solid or liquid substance attached to a glass or a metal surface on which the components of the mixture to be separated and The mobile phase in chromatography is either a liquid or gas, which is passed through a chromatographic column where the components
  15 KB (2,280 words) - 21:00, 21 April 2022
• Pressure transient testing
  * [[Permeability]] to the produced phase (oil, gas, or water), which is an average value within the radius of investigation achiev * Skin factor, which is a quantitative measure of damage or [[stimulation]] in the well
  15 KB (2,314 words) - 17:45, 21 January 2022
• AAPG Wiki:Personas
  ** Primary work location: office, field (stationary or mobile)
  1 KB (225 words) - 13:31, 6 August 2013
• Hydroelectric power
  ...icity but also those designed for flood control, irrigation, water supply, or a combination of these purposes, have delivered significant benefits, they ...arid regions with low rainfall and, therefore, with no permanent streams, or in regions of low relief. Although most of the world's sites for the buildi
  10 KB (1,466 words) - 16:06, 11 January 2016
• Morphometric and particle analysis
  ...” statistically and to relate component variability to chronostratigraphic or paleoenvironmental indices.<ref name=ch17r29>Davis, J. C., 1986, Statistics
  5 KB (718 words) - 20:59, 31 January 2022
• Cross-borehole tomography
  ...which a color is assigned to the seismic velocity at each point. This map, or plot, is referred to as a ''tomogram''. Other displays such as [[contour]] ...source borehole, and receivers are lowered to an appropriate depth in one or more boreholes that are used to record the seismic data ([[:file:cross-bore
  14 KB (2,060 words) - 20:51, 19 January 2022
• Hydrocarbon
  ...atenated carbon chain. In acyclic compounds, the carbon chain are straight or branched. Important families that belong to this group are the alkanes, alk ...opane, etc. They mainly undergo combustion under much oxygen, substitution or replacement reactions (dehydrohalogenation), and elimination (dehydrogenati
  8 KB (1,209 words) - 20:36, 20 March 2019
• Nuclear power
  ...process called fission. The nuclei of low-atomic-weight elements, hydrogen or isotopes of hydrogen, on the other hand, can be combined to form larger nuc ...fuel (i.e., convert uranium 238 into plutonium) in quantities as large as, or even larger than, the amount consumed, can be accepted and operated safely
  9 KB (1,351 words) - 15:58, 12 September 2014
• EMD Bitumen/Heavy Oil Committee
  ...al Russian oil reserves, which official estimates place at 22.5 billion m3 or 141.8 billion bbls. Recoverable heavy oil occurs in three principal petrole
  4 KB (538 words) - 20:27, 20 September 2022
• Seismic attributes
  ...smic data#Polarity|polarity]], [[phase]], [[Seismic frequency|frequency]], or [[Seismic velocity|velocity]]. [[Horizon attribute]]s were first used in th ...a horizon can, under the correct circumstances, be related to [[porosity]] or net pay in a reservoir interval. With other attributes the physical interpr
  6 KB (859 words) - 19:42, 27 January 2022
• Petroleum exploration
  ...nt in relatively small quantities within the earth. These source rocks can or can not be a reservoir rock. The concept of reservoir rock is a storage tha ...impermeable rock. If the fluids continue to migrate when there is no trap or seal, it would go to the surface and dissipate.
  15 KB (2,331 words) - 19:12, 17 April 2019
• Weyburn seal capacity
  ...r critical nonwetting phase saturation. Clearly, estimating R_bt or the size of the largest connected pore throats that control hydrocarbon bre ...thod yields pore throat sizes representative of that mode of pore throats, or R_bt.
  10 KB (1,484 words) - 20:55, 4 December 2023
• Glossary
  ;DF:derrick floor or drilling fluid ;FL:fluid or fluid level
  5 KB (840 words) - 13:51, 18 March 2019
• Drilling a well
  ...e rotating bit cuts or crushes the rock. Drilling mud, consisting of water or an oil-water mixture, solids, and various additives, is circulated down thr ...floor. In moderately deep water (more than 45 m [150 ft] deep), a floating or semisubmersible rig is used. The semisubmersible rig is kept in place by se
  15 KB (2,385 words) - 15:05, 1 August 2016
• Well completion
  * Connect the reservoir to the surface so that fluids can be produced from or injected into the reservoir ...ngle perforated casing completions are used; however, multiple, alternate, or slim hole completions may be used under certain conditions. The choice of c
  19 KB (2,910 words) - 21:06, 18 January 2022
• Plate tectonic studies
  ...the area may have been affected by more than one [[deformation]] event and/or more than one deformational style * Independent or “spec” regional studies integrating all aspects of the petroleum geolog
  4 KB (601 words) - 18:22, 2 February 2022
• Depocenter
  '''Depocenter''' refers to an area or site of maximum deposition, or the geographic location of the thickest part of any specific geographic uni ...rfaces bounding each tectonostratigraphic phase and construct isopach maps or relative thickness maps.
  6 KB (811 words) - 16:50, 22 February 2022
• Marine seismic data acquisition
  ...rray designer. ''Clustered guns'' are another recent advancement. When two or three air guns are fired in close vicinity of one another, it is possible t ...''strings'') are deployed in various geometries to improve directivity and/or to reduce shot generated noise. The simple wide array is common and very ef
  13 KB (2,015 words) - 18:24, 21 January 2022
• Coal bed methane (UB)
  ...l is constructed in an environment with low oxygen content, such as swamps or bogs. Coal is easily known by its black color. Furthermore, if seen under a Most CBM has been produced by microbial, thermal, or possibly catalytic degradation of organic material present in coal. CBM is
  5 KB (839 words) - 17:19, 28 March 2019
• Multivariate data analysis
  ...le, a porous medium is characterized by a set of interdependent quantities or attributes such as [[grain size]], [[porosity]], [[permeability]], and satu ...es; P), where n is the number of samples and P is the number of attributes or variables. For example, a (5 &times; 3) matrix might represent five core sa
  16 KB (2,349 words) - 15:46, 19 January 2022
• Geothermal energy
  ...ed mainly as the fuel for the operation of electricity-generating turbines or for space heating. ...ial from the [[mantle]] is being added to the [[crust]] (spreading ridges) or where crustal material is being dragged downward and consumed in the mantle
  13 KB (1,918 words) - 18:12, 2 April 2019
• Determining water saturation
  ...can be measured directly from a sealed core, which is an expensive method, or it can be calculated from the [[Archie equation]],<ref name=Archie_1942>Arc
  2 KB (244 words) - 13:38, 5 April 2022
• Perforation design
  ...expectation of connecting the well to the reservoir. Usually the pay zone or interest zone is the target for perforation. This will allow the communicat ...A primary explosive that can be initiated by either an electrically signal or an impact reaction.
  12 KB (1,786 words) - 21:02, 21 April 2022
• Checkshots and vertical seismic profiles
  ...rtical-seismic-profiles_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}The source position (A or B) should be chosen so that the travel path to each receiver is as nearly v ...in this diagram, but other common onshore energy sources include Vibroseis or air guns operated in a water-filled pit near a well. Offshore, essentially
  11 KB (1,599 words) - 20:48, 19 January 2022
• Coalbed methane
  ...ccur as free gas in [[fracture]]s (called [[cleat]]s) and large pores, and/or dissolved in the groundwater present in pores and fractures; coal serves as ...by some that interest in the production of coalbed methane would decrease or even die with the termination of the tax credit at year-end 1992, but this
  5 KB (691 words) - 21:13, 19 November 2015
• Statistics overview
  ...to formal statistical inference, geological samples are much too difficult or costly to obtain and cannot be discarded. Therefore, the robust testing of ...a data set composed of well information, if the kelly bushing is not known or uniformly subtracted from all wells, the resulting map will develop a sever
  16 KB (2,483 words) - 19:28, 19 January 2022
• Vitrinite reflectance
  ...does not accurately represent the maturity of the rock sample. Variations or errors in vitrinite reflectance measurements may be caused by the following A bimodal distribution or a large spread in the range of measured values will produce a mean R<sub>o<
  7 KB (970 words) - 14:28, 10 February 2022
• Seismic processing basics
  ...data taken in the field are reduced to simple images for display on paper or the work station screen. This simple image, while it contains less data abo ...f the earth, an elapsed time after the shot that originated the reflection or echo (traveltime), and a reflection point on the subsurface of the earth at
  19 KB (2,895 words) - 20:23, 21 January 2022
• Structural play geology
  ...audi Arabia (560,000 ac)] to small [Major County, Oklahoma, U.S.A. (160 ac or less)].<ref>J. Coughlon, personal communication, 1996</ref> To effectively * [[Deformation]] or [[diagenesis]] of reservoirs and seals ([[trap]] integrity)
  18 KB (2,422 words) - 14:21, 2 February 2022
• Karst topography
  ...racterized by the vast, bare, and rocky land, without arable land and with or without the presence of veregetation. ...soil covered karst is karst that develops in [[limestone]] covered by soil or terra that produced by limestone dissolution.
  13 KB (2,016 words) - 19:56, 5 April 2019
• Black Warrior basin
  ...as province with numerous possible reservoir units. Oil and gas have been, or presently are, produced from the [[Cambro-Ordovician]], [[Ordovician]], [[M
  2 KB (308 words) - 16:53, 26 March 2015
• Wellsite math
  | V_h || Hole volume; the volume of the open or cased hole || bbl/ft ...ulus, the area between the outside of the drillpipe or collar and the open or cased hole || bbl/ft
  21 KB (3,142 words) - 15:10, 24 January 2022
• Near-surface destruction
  ...active meteoric water circulation because the water supplies the oxidants or nutrients. ...selectively strips the oil of components up to a carbon number of about 15 or so. This process can account for destruction of up to 50% of the mass of th
  8 KB (1,193 words) - 18:51, 1 February 2022
• Structural geology
  [[Growth fault]]s are syndepositional or synsedimentary extensional faults that initiate and evolve at the margins o ...ithin passive margin sedimentary wedges where tectonic forces have minimum or no effect. These passive margins receive millions of tons of sediments ever
  14 KB (2,168 words) - 21:31, 13 March 2019
• Drilling fluid
  An essential element of [[drilling a well]] is the drilling fluid or mud. Drilling fluids serve a number of functions: The most important feature of any drilling fluid (or mud) system is that the interaction between the mud and the drilled formati
  13 KB (1,866 words) - 21:17, 19 January 2022
• Subsurface diagenesis and its relation with diagenetic trap on carbonate rocks reservoir
  ...n in water saturated condition produces mold, vein, hole, and channel with or without the breakdown of this appearance (associated with cave and karst ge ...e occurs, is causing a stable reaction which changing metastable carbonate or the other stable reaction (recrystallization, includes neomorphism). Weathe
  16 KB (2,395 words) - 21:18, 9 January 2024
• Weyburn field location and trap problem
  ...stion: Could the Midale marly beds provide a seal for a 600-ft oil column, or must hydrodynamics be present to augment the seal quality of the Midale mar
  6 KB (848 words) - 17:34, 3 January 2024
• Three-dimensional seismic method
  ...in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to delineate salt domes. Shooting around a lake or a topographic high to achieve subsurface coverage under the surface obstacl ...[[length::1 km]], the line spacing in 3-D surveys can be [[length::50 m]] or less. This dense coverage requires an accurate knowledge of shot and receiv
  8 KB (1,201 words) - 20:24, 21 January 2022
• Surficial geochemistry and hydrocarbon detection methods
  * Gas adsorbed onto sedimentary particles or trapped within carbonate cements * Gas dissolved in water or present in the atmosphere
  10 KB (1,443 words) - 16:08, 25 January 2022
• East Breaks hydrocarbon generation model
  ...nally, basins are 3-D entities, and either 2-D models throughout the basin or a 3-D model of the entire basin is essential to understanding the maturatio
  6 KB (850 words) - 15:33, 23 March 2022
• Magnetics: interpreting residual maps
  ...dimentary section in a new basin, i.e., in determining whether it is 2, 5, or [[length::10 km]] thick, for example, to a usual accuracy of about ±15% un ...(B–B′). This may be a strike-slip fault, which is not common in this area, or another down-to-the-east fault that has down-dropped the four anomalies ben
  8 KB (1,109 words) - 17:41, 24 January 2022
• Israel petroleum systems
  ...Rock || Produced by 2001 (MMBO &/or BCFG) || Recoverable Resources (MMBO &/or BCFG) | || 22 || Or || Yafo || 1999 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Stratigraphic
  10 KB (1,276 words) - 21:00, 19 July 2016
• Tool table
  ...for the standard logging tools. Service companies have specially designed or modified tools that may allow extension of operation ranges.
  5 KB (544 words) - 16:27, 18 January 2022
• Temperature trap regime
  Temperature traps are those in which trap boundaries are created or controlled by subsurface temperatures. Both low temperatures and high tempe
  2 KB (260 words) - 16:31, 13 April 2022
• Reservoir simulation study
  ...by the number of grid blocks resulting from the grid overlain on the field or field segment being studied. In general, the accuracy of results from simul ...he mechanics of production performance (such as viscous flow, [[gravity]], or heterogeneity). For example, a fluid injection project can be studied using
  19 KB (2,711 words) - 17:48, 21 January 2022
• Show evaluation
  ...tion testing, setting pipe, participation elections, and lease acquisition or relinquishment. * Detection of formation [[Natural gas|gas]] or [[Oil as an energy source|oil]]
  18 KB (2,670 words) - 18:21, 21 January 2022
• Rock-water reaction
  ...ervoir rock with extraneous [[drilling]], [[completion]], [[stimulation]], or [[enhanced recovery]] fluids. Rock-fluid reaction can occur from any of the # [[Injection]] or production of fluids at rates exceeding the critical velocity beyond which
  17 KB (2,356 words) - 19:24, 19 January 2022
• Reservoir quality
  ...es in a rock. The remaining space in the rock is occupied by the framework or matrix of the rock and, if present, nonconnected pore space. Common porosit | Dissolution or vug
  18 KB (2,514 words) - 17:47, 21 January 2022
• Rock-water reaction: formation damage
  ...the reservoir rock with extraneous drilling, completion, [[stimulation]], or enhanced recovery fluids. Rock-fluid reaction can occur from any of the fol * Injection or production of fluids at rates exceeding the critical velocity beyond which
  17 KB (2,380 words) - 18:23, 21 January 2022
• Two-dimensional geophysical workstation interpretation: generic problems and solutions
  ...ut the workstation are made here: no hardware constraints exist for memory or storage and an efficient database manager exists for data manipulation. A d ...display types (such as stack, [[seismic migration|migration]], inversion, or attribute) is facilitated by creating several data files, each containing a
  20 KB (2,848 words) - 14:29, 20 January 2022
• Cross section
  ...rough the earth used to clarify or interpret geological relationships with or without accompanying maps. As with other tools applied to [[petroleum]] dev ...[[deformation]] by showing the drape of sediment over developing [[fold]]s or the thickening of the section across [[growth fault]]s. The following eleme
  20 KB (3,029 words) - 16:09, 24 January 2022
• Apatite fission track analysis
  ...n geologic history of an area (and its expected thermal history) to verify or refine a vendor's interpretation. ...tracks would have formed since the uplift to a temperature zone less than or equal to the [[temperature::60&deg;C]] to [[temperature::70&deg;C]]. The fi
  7 KB (994 words) - 21:38, 4 February 2022
• What is permeability?
  ...ements is important for understanding how to assess reservoir rock quality or to compare the quality of one flow unit to another. ...laminations. High vertical K_a generally results from fracturing or even burrowing that cuts across bedding. Most K_a calculations ar
  5 KB (694 words) - 20:41, 4 April 2022
• Static gas pressure gradient estimation
  ...gas pressure gradients can be estimated if subsurface gas density is known or has been estimated. ...ow this procedure to estimate the gas pressure gradient of a gas reservoir or potential gas reservoir.
  7 KB (979 words) - 15:24, 17 February 2022
• Core alteration and preservation
  ...rals and fluids. For example, the filtrate may cause clays either to swell or to shrink. ...nd expulsion by the retention of the expulsed formation fluids in a sponge or foam lining.
  20 KB (2,971 words) - 15:46, 19 January 2022
• Superimposed sea level cycles
  ...se with third-order transgressions, the impact that each has on deposition or erosion is enhanced.<ref name=ch04r70>Mitchum, R., M., Jr., Van Wagoner, J. ...her order, the patterns of transgression vs. [[regression]] either amplify or dampen the transgressions and regressions of the next higher order(s) of cy
  11 KB (1,469 words) - 15:06, 5 January 2024
• Combining well log with seismic sequence analysis
  ...tratigraphic-traps_fig21-22.png|Figure 1]]) using the appropriate software or by asking an expert to create one. [[Synthetic seismogram]]s, or synthetics, can be interactively tied to log, lithologic, and seismic data
  5 KB (746 words) - 16:54, 4 February 2022
• Standard interpretation
  ...rocess of determining volumes of hydrocarbons in place from wireline logs, or [[log interpretation]]. This process requires four basic steps: ...of the various logging devices. To interpret the response for [[porosity]] or saturation, the volume of shale must be determined.
  25 KB (3,776 words) - 19:53, 18 January 2022
• Shale tectonics
  ...as intrusive injectites or [[diapir]]s or as extrusive eruptive sand blows or mud volcanoes has captured the public's imagination and given scientists th ...id leakage from overpressured beds, but they do not always involve plastic or fluid-mud extrusion. Shales form a variety of nonextrusive structures, many
  17 KB (2,466 words) - 16:16, 10 January 2024
• Log analysis applications
  ...nstant increment (usually based on the smallest common sampling increment) or (2) by varying increments (based on each trace's unique sampling nature). Log analysis packages should allow the user to do any or all of these in the order deemed appropriate by the user.
  21 KB (3,142 words) - 16:20, 20 January 2022
• Strain partitioning
  ..., J., J. Cosgrove, and E. Druguet, 2013, Strain partitioning in banded and/or anisotropic rocks: Implications for inferring tectonic regimes: Journal of All four of these factors below may individually or in combination contribute toward the distribution of strain. Therefore, eac
  13 KB (1,732 words) - 22:01, 23 January 2019
• FWhitehurst sandbox
  ===Definitions and/or links for future use=== * angular unconformity or discontinuity Wikipedia:Unconformity#Angular_unconformity
  22 KB (3,024 words) - 21:42, 19 December 2014
• Risk: expected value and chance of success
  ...recommended procedure is for the geotechnical professional to express his or her confidence independently in four critical geological aspects of any pro ...o contain detectable (i.e., measurable) quantities of mobile hydrocarbons, or to tempt a prudent onshore domestic operator to attempt a completion?''
  22 KB (3,173 words) - 19:27, 19 January 2022
• Structural analogies
  ...t]], but local [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] or subsurface data do not accurately define the shape of individual structures
  4 KB (579 words) - 20:52, 2 February 2022
• Core description
  ...a visual pattern such as that produced by Amstrat. A good qualify handlens or reflecting light binocular microscope are essential for accurate grain size ...in]] (1.3 mm) high. Usually a scale of [[length::1 in]] = [[length::5 ft]] or [[length::10 ft]] is appropriate.
  13 KB (1,786 words) - 20:50, 19 January 2022
• Economics of property acquisitions
  ...ucing properties for purchase as they are to oil and gas drilling ventures or development projects. As before, it is assumed that the data and estimates ...llowing rapid estimation of remaining reserves of a producing well, lease, or field, and it can be useful in early assessments and negotiations. A compre
  11 KB (1,584 words) - 16:04, 21 January 2022
• Petroleum system concept: examples of application
  ...ture downdip to the north, then drill the deepest prospect, not the middle or shallowest prospect to the south. &copy; Barker.<ref name=Barker1992>Barker ...dip to the north, then we would drill the deepest prospect, not the middle or shallowest prospect to the south ([[:file:petroleum-systems_fig3-22.png|Fig
  7 KB (1,083 words) - 21:59, 25 January 2022
• Fluid contacts
  ...m/en/Terms.aspx?LookIn=term%20name&filter=oil-water%20contact oil-water]'' or ''[http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.aspx?LookIn=term%20name&fi ...well logs]] || Estimates fluid contacts from changes in fluid saturations or mobility with depth || Low cost Accurate in simple lithologies || rowspan =
  19 KB (2,690 words) - 21:20, 19 January 2022
• Seal capacity: pitfalls and limitations of estimation
  ...al displacement pressure|displacement pressure]] of a top seal from a few, or many, measurements.
  2 KB (325 words) - 20:57, 31 March 2022
• Geology workstation
  ...atabases. The third approach has been the explosion in personal computers, or PCs, over the past decade. Initially only offering what could be termed bus Today, the geologist is likely to have a hybrid of any or all of the above, often with everything from PC to mainframe networked toge
  19 KB (2,872 words) - 14:28, 20 January 2022
• Gravity basics
  * Locating structures under thrust plates or volcanics In dynamic gravity measurements at sea or in the air, the position of the mass and the spring tension is recorded con
  5 KB (720 words) - 17:59, 24 January 2022
• Methods for obtaining formation fluid pressures
  * Calculating hydrostatic pressures from measured water density or salinity
  2 KB (295 words) - 17:54, 17 February 2022
• East Breaks deep-water exploration strategy
  ...optimally located. Additionally, seismic facies maps may suggest downflank or off-structure potential where faulting may not impose development problems. # Use seismic facies maps to identify downflank or off-structure potential where faulting may not impose development problems.
  6 KB (902 words) - 16:00, 24 March 2022
• Borehole imaging devices
  ...a bedding surface, fracture, or fault shows up as a sinusoid. The minimum, or trough, of a sinusoid points in the direction of the [[dip]] [[azimuth]], w Most borehole images are digitized, either downhole or uphole, and are thus amenable to digital computer processing such as image
  10 KB (1,313 words) - 16:24, 18 January 2022
• Great American carbonate bank
  ...rred during deposition of the Early Ordovician Symphysurina trilobite Zone or during deposition of the Cordylodus angulatus and basal Rossodous manitouen ...ately 16 MMBO and 160 bcf/year. Hydrocarbon production occurs primarily at or near the Sauk-Tippecanoe [[unconformity]], in association with source rock
  5 KB (768 words) - 18:39, 1 August 2016
• Sea level cycle order
  ...sited during those cycles have to each other. Knowing the order of a cycle or the phase of a cycle represented by a rock sequence is important for predic ...ext of the sequence. What are the cycle orders for similar sequences above or below it?
  7 KB (982 words) - 21:20, 23 February 2022
• Fracture analysis
  * In some cases, determination of the fluid or mineral filling in fractures Fracture analysis can help us define structural axes and trends or fracture-related reservoir properties. It can be applied in a variety of st
  5 KB (644 words) - 15:30, 3 February 2022
• Stimulation
  ...lity, but the formation near the wellbore has been damaged by the drilling or completion process. ...atrix acidizing but may occasionally involve hydraulic fracturing. Solvent or surfactant treatments are sometimes used for damage removal.
  24 KB (3,633 words) - 13:55, 24 January 2022
• Fractured reservoir evaluation
  ...(1) increased reservoir [[permeability]], (2) increased [[porosity]], and/or (3) increased permeability [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Anisotropy | Reservoir performance is controlled by sedimentary facies, lithology and/or geometry || Determine sedimentary characteristics and origin of facies thro
  26 KB (3,674 words) - 21:21, 19 January 2022
• Saturations required for hydrocarbon flow
  ...re at only 10% saturation could be very misleading. The value could be two or more orders of magnitude greater than that predicted at 10% saturation.
  2 KB (313 words) - 13:57, 1 April 2022
• Sediment thickness and field location maps: Gulf of Mexico example
  ...cumulation—the space resulting from the interaction of tectonic subsidence or uplift, sea level change, and compaction of the underlying sediment. Additi ...of these lateral shifts result from tectonic events along the basin margin or within the drainage basins themselves.<ref name=ch04r34>Galloway, W., E., 1
  5 KB (753 words) - 19:58, 18 February 2022
• Fluid flow fundamentals
  ...or it can be predicted from reservoir data. Whether presented graphically or expressed by a formula, the IPR is a statement of the production capacity a ...uced for every psi of pressure drawdown and thus reflects the productivity or deliverability of the well.
  20 KB (3,155 words) - 21:20, 19 January 2022
• Synthetic seismogram
  ...rom the sonic velocities and the density data. The data are often averaged or “blocked” to larger sample intervals to reduce computation time and to ...tween the seismic line trace and the synthetic seismogram. A formation top or other correlation marker on the well log can then be tied to the correspond
  8 KB (1,199 words) - 13:57, 24 January 2022
• Structurally complex reservoirs: evaluation
  ...er, and they should be tested for viability and admissibility by balancing or [[backstripping]]. ...ll have to be projected carefully onto the lines using seismic cross lines or down-plunge projection.<ref name=DePaor_1988>DePaor, D., 1988, [http://arch
  20 KB (2,865 words) - 19:24, 19 January 2022
• Magnetotelluric data acquisition
  The controlled-source system uses a high-power transmitter and motor or generator set to transmit a discrete alternating current waveform. This sig ...,000 ft) in a typical [[Wikipedia:Volcanic_rock|volcanic]], [[carbonate]], or [http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granite.htm granite] [[Thrust b
  5 KB (706 words) - 15:11, 31 January 2022
• Wettability
  * Measurement of the contact angle, or the product of the contact angle and the interfacial tension (the last term * Observations of displacement or surface phenomena associated with the water or oil phase
  12 KB (1,706 words) - 15:11, 24 January 2022
• Using conventional well logs to estimate richness
  ...[[Total organic carbon (TOC)|total organic carbon (TOC)]] using pyrolysis or another suitable measurement technique. Using the calibrated logs, we can e | Gamma ray (GR) or uranium (U) || High || High GR caused by U; can be linear with OM; U not al
  5 KB (768 words) - 15:48, 9 February 2022
• Magnetics
  ...15 to 25 miles of rock are involved. Most sedimentary rocks contain little or no magnetite, and the crystalline [[basement]] rocks are by far the most im ...ric currents in the core. The intensity of the field is measured in gammas or the equivalent SI unit of nanoteslas (nT), and it varies from about 60,000
  10 KB (1,481 words) - 15:39, 24 January 2022
• Systems tracts and trap types
  ...ofacies of the lowstand systems tract might occur as subunconformity traps or might be mistakenly identified as highstand systems tract deposits. [[Gravi ...ng in volumetrically smaller reservoirs. Traps can be purely stratigraphic or enhanced with postdepositional structuring that focuses migration.<ref name
  9 KB (1,239 words) - 16:58, 24 February 2022
• Reservoir
  ...of the elements of petroleum system that can accumulate hydrocarbons (oil or gas). Reservoir rock must have good porosity and permeability to accumulate ...um (oil and gas), water, a range of non hydrocarbon gasses (CO2, H2S, N2), or some combination of these.<ref name=gluyas2004> Gluyas, J., and S. Richard,
  14 KB (2,134 words) - 16:48, 26 March 2019
• Borehole gravity tool
  ...ed to an operator at the surface. Because of vibrations, seismic activity, or residual tool movement, the measurements may take some time to settle to an ...vertical to make a reading, it can only measure in wells of 14° deviation or less.
  5 KB (720 words) - 18:07, 24 January 2022
• Biodegradation of crude oil in reservoirs
  ...vity. Under the right conditions, living organisms such as bacteria, algae or fungi are able to consume hydrocarbons as an energy source. The process is ...) affecting organic matter. This process can occur in petroleum reservoirs or during migration at shallow depths where water contact is possible and subs
  16 KB (2,354 words) - 18:16, 25 April 2022
• Sequences during high-amplitude, high-frequency cycles
  ...lomitized sequences that consist of inner platform highstand sabkha facies or late highstand to low stand [[evaporite]] basin facies ...e related to diagenesis. In this example, sequences lack internal barriers or seals to inhibit the vertical and lateral migration of the paleowater table
  6 KB (761 words) - 13:47, 7 April 2022
• Quantitative fault seal analysis
  ...f the sand–shale ratio is high in the zone (high SGR). A fault cross-seals or dip-seals if the sand–shale ratio is low in the zone (low SGR).
  9 KB (1,327 words) - 16:32, 29 March 2022
• Ti in zircon geothermometer
  '''Zircon Titanium Geothermometry''', or "Ti-in-zircon [[Geothermometry]]" is a technique by which the crystallizati ...in detail. Ti⁴⁺, a tetravalent ion, can replace Zr⁴⁺ or Si⁴⁺ in a temperature dependent mechanism. For zircons in the pr
  16 KB (2,328 words) - 22:11, 3 December 2015
• Formation evaluation of naturally fractured reservoirs
  ...ractures. This tool operates with transmitter-receiving spacings of 8, 10, or [[length::12 ft]] and emits acoustic energy that propagates radially throug ...esence of natural [[fracture]]s. Thus, caliper tools (two-, three-, four-, or six-arm) can provide good indications of fractures.
  9 KB (1,380 words) - 17:25, 18 January 2022
• Organic facies
  ...s, palynofacies, pollen facies, [[kerogen]] facies, organic matter facies, or [[maceral]] facies. They cannot be determined by microscopy alone. The defi ...sedimentary rocks occurs whether or not rocks are organic rich and whether or not the fine-grained sediments are well cemented. Weathering often penetrat
  17 KB (2,472 words) - 17:39, 13 April 2022
• Seismic data - mapping with two-dimensional data
  ...y of any part of the base map, consult with the person who drafted the map or check the field records yourself. ...for your interpretation, refer to the person who drafted the map for help or check the field records yourself.
  13 KB (1,936 words) - 21:29, 21 January 2022
• AAPG Wiki:Project timeline
  ...no figures in digital format; they will have to be extracted from the PDF or redrawn (preferable, where possible).
  2 KB (333 words) - 18:09, 15 July 2013
• Capillary pressure (Pc) curves: pore throat size determination
  ...Real pores only approximate this, and then only if they are intergranular or inter crystalline.<ref name=CoalsonPC>Coalson, personal communication, 1997 ...mercury at this point in the test have at least one 10μ pore throat radius or larger and represent 10% of the sample's pore volume. This procedure is rep
  6 KB (898 words) - 16:21, 4 April 2022
• Well log analysis for reservoir characterization
  ...1-Flowchart to analyze well logs that must be done to characterize an oil or gas reservoir, the user should follow these steps in order to acquire the c ...ally, a formation with high gamma ray reading indicates that it is a shaly or shale, when the low gamma ray reading indicates a clean formation (sand, ca
  25 KB (3,679 words) - 21:17, 13 March 2019
• Natural hydraulic fracturing of top seals
  * σ₃ = effective least principal stress or confining pressure ...ke care since leak-off tests may report the pressure value either prior to or after the fracture pressure point.<ref name=ch10r23>Eaton, B. A., 1969, Fra
  9 KB (1,274 words) - 15:44, 30 March 2022
• Flow units for reservoir characterization
  ...'A flow unit is a specific volume of a reservoir, which is composed of one or more [[reservoir quality]] lithologies and any nonreservoir quality rock ty ...consistent, but not necessarily homogeneous, in terms of either geological or petrophysical properties. They may contain more than one reservoir quality
  16 KB (2,282 words) - 20:46, 19 January 2022
• Thin section analysis
  ...ft). (E) Gas-stage TSR calcite (yellow arrow), with no evidence of bitumen or oil inclusions found in this type of calcite, suggesting that calcite was f ...formation damage]] that can be caused by [[Wellcompletion|completion]] and/or [[stimulation]] procedures.
  24 KB (3,264 words) - 15:09, 24 January 2022
• Seismic data: identifying reflectors
  Whether using[[vertical seismic profile| VSP]], [[synthetic seismogram]], or [[log overlay]], the final step is to compare the object to [[seismic trace
  2 KB (348 words) - 19:10, 27 January 2022
• Petroleum reservoir fluid properties
  ...erally assumed that reservoir fluids are in a static state when discovered or, more correctly, that fluids are moving at a very slow rate relative to the ...servoir conditions, relative to the volume of a surface phase (water, oil, or gas) at standard conditions resulting when the reservoir material is brough
  19 KB (2,721 words) - 21:21, 19 January 2022
• Geologic mapping (UGM)
  ...that’s most competent and is used for various purposes either for science or exploration of natural resources. A geological map is a map that consists o ...While smart mapping is done by considering the results of satellite image or topographical maps analysis, so it would be more efficient in geological ma
  29 KB (4,733 words) - 15:34, 15 January 2024
• Amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis
  ...el|elastic layered model]] of the earth in the vicinity of the exploration or development target. To accomplish this goal, a systems approach to the prob Whether or not there is an application for [[amplitude]] versus [[offset]] analysis in
  12 KB (1,723 words) - 18:41, 20 January 2022
• Sea level cycle phase and systems tracts
  ...be related to rise and fall in lake level or water table level, which may or may not be synchronized with sea level change. [See Wheeler<ref name=ch04r1 Deposition or erosion of sediments depends on the interaction of cycle phase and the crea
  8 KB (1,103 words) - 21:21, 23 February 2022
• Migration by separate phase
  Slug flow (or bulk phase flow) is generally accepted as the dominant mechanism of primary ...[[Hydrocarbon migration|migration]] occurs when a gas is expelled with oil or migrates through an oil-rich source rock. The figure below shows the gasoli
  8 KB (1,155 words) - 15:17, 14 February 2022
• Biostratigraphic applications in hydrocarbon exploration
  ...igraphy is used to identify rock formations which can occur at outcrop and/or in the subsurface and correlate time-equivalent units over large distances ...ber|2}}Main microfossils disciplines that are used in the oil industry and/or paleoenvironmental use (Avada Oil and Gas Course).]]
  14 KB (1,899 words) - 21:03, 21 April 2022
• LECO method in estimating richness
  ...of carbon dioxide is directly proportional to the amount of organic carbon or the TOC of the rock. However, the TOC value can be inflated due to the pres
  2 KB (354 words) - 15:49, 9 February 2022
• East Breaks source rock
  ...ion to a probable source rock are used to determine the level of certainty or the confidence that an oil originated from a specific source. Oils from the ...cene to lower Eocene Wilcox Formation. If lower Tertiary Wilcox equivalent or uppermost Jurassic mudstones are the source for hydrocarbons in the East Br
  7 KB (1,080 words) - 17:44, 23 March 2022
• Magnetic field: local variations
  ...magnetic response of elevation changes in basement caused by fault throws or basement highs unless basement is deep (> [[length::5 km]], approximately). The presence of a fault is a common interpretation of a magnetic increase or decrease. This interpretation assumes the fault throw, which changes the el
  6 KB (946 words) - 19:56, 27 January 2022
• Kerogen
  ...ee common source rock evaluation errors made by geologists during prospect or play appraisals]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 93, issue 3, pp. 341-356.</ref>]] ...Four basic types of kerogen are found in sedimentary rocks. A single type or a mixture of types may be present in a source rock. The table below lists a
  17 KB (2,363 words) - 17:40, 9 February 2022
• Seismic scale importance
  Correlations with well data, such as cuttings, cores, or well logs, can be done to a much higher resolution than seismic scale corre
  2 KB (346 words) - 21:06, 3 February 2022
• Borehole gravity: uses, advantages, and disadvantages
  * Is unaffected by [[washout]]s, [[hole rugosity]], or [[mud invasion]] effects
  3 KB (351 words) - 15:11, 31 January 2022
• Stable isotope stratigraphy
  ...representing isotopic values through time can provide a basis for regional or even worldwide correlations. Although biotic and diagenetic effects must be ...ore or [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] samples or from well cuttings in areas of relatively high sedimentation rate may help
  9 KB (1,282 words) - 20:59, 31 January 2022
• Vibro-sesismic to increasing the production rate of coal bed methane
  Porosity is the space that exist within rocks or materials, meanwhile pearmebility is the capacity of pore material to let f ...tential energy . this system have capability to save kinetic energy (massa or inertia). Vibration system involve ac-dc transfer energy beetwen potential
  11 KB (1,551 words) - 16:49, 11 January 2016
• Paleontology
  ....com/od/geotime_dating/a/timeyardstick.htm isotopic ages] from interbedded or cross-cutting rocks such as [http://geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu/people/bper ...eroded, environmental conditions prevented the species from living there, or the specimens may have dissolved. If a species is not abundant at the top o
  17 KB (2,331 words) - 20:11, 10 August 2016
• Mapping paleogeography
  ...you need to map the paleogeography at the level of a depositional sequence or a [[Systems tracts and trap types|systems tract]]?
  3 KB (346 words) - 20:13, 4 February 2022
• Paleoenvironmental analysis
  The aim of paleoenvironmental analysis, or paleoecology, is to reconstruct the biological, chemical, and physical natu | Species distribution and abundance of climatically or oceanographically sensitive fossils: calcareous nannofossils, planktonic an
  10 KB (1,252 words) - 19:55, 31 January 2022
• Production Index (PI)
  ...ak includes nonindigenous [[hydrocarbon]]s, such as [[drilling additive]]s or [[Migration|migrated]] hydrocarbons. Expulsion characteristics of a [[sourc
  3 KB (364 words) - 16:10, 10 February 2022
• Uncertainties impacting reserves, revenue, and costs
  | Availability || Recent or spectacular examples are more prone to be cited, regardless of their real f # ''Motivation,'' which leads to overestimates because of career or economic self-interest on the part of the professional in "selling the deal
  21 KB (3,123 words) - 19:27, 19 January 2022
• Subsurface maps
  ...aps and sections, in Petroleum Geology: New York, John Wiley, 660 p.</ref> or “high technology” [[computer contouring hardware/software systems]],<re ...l is a useful reference datum. Commonly contoured horizons are top of zone or top of net pay. Control points are provided by surveyed wells and can be su
  22 KB (3,076 words) - 13:56, 24 January 2022
• Overpressure causes
  ...at]], [[compaction]], [[Petroleum generation|generation of hydrocarbons]], or a combination of these factors.
  3 KB (394 words) - 16:23, 16 February 2022
• Geological heterogeneities
  ...eneities have been classified in a variety of ways according to their size or scale; the common categories, used here, are ''wellbore, interwell'', and ' ...ermeability profiles of (a) fining- or thinning-upward and (b) coarsening- or thickening-upward sequences. ''Fining'' and ''coarsening'' refer to average
  17 KB (2,232 words) - 21:22, 19 January 2022
• Formation fluid pressure from repeat formation testers
  | Sampling interval || Small || Several feet or more; generally tests multiple flow units ...hydrostatic and formation pressure at the well site to recognize anomalies or tool errors and to optimize station coverage.
  6 KB (849 words) - 17:55, 17 February 2022
• Artificial lift
  ...p is adjusted by changing the number of stages in the centrifugal pump and/or by changing the horsepower of the electric motor. ...additional lift. Gas lift systems can be installed to operate continuously or intermittently. Gas lift is commonly used in offshore applications and in a
  7 KB (1,094 words) - 20:47, 19 January 2022
• Contourites
  ...nce. These currents may flow upwards, downwards, around or above obstacles or irregular topographies. ...al slope or the continental rise. Along-slope processes may generate drift or contouritic features. The latter are less known than the former, which are
  13 KB (1,889 words) - 19:11, 6 April 2016
• Diagenetically complex reservoir evaluation
  ...iagenetic alteration may lead to the need to drill additional infill wells or reposition the locations of such wells, selectively perforate and inject re ...s must exhibit a complex distribution that is not directly correlated with or controlled by depositional factors.
  31 KB (4,171 words) - 18:22, 21 January 2022

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