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...ty (sandstone and shale = 2.65 g/cm³, limestone = 2.71 g/cm³) * ρ_w = weighted average of pore-water density (g/cm³)

# Calculate downdip length of [[hydrocarbon column]] (''h''): As an example, let's determine the downdip length of a 30°API oil column with the following givens:

...ravity|gravity oil]], and the total vertical trap closure is [[length::500 ft]]. ...mb|freshwater gradient]]). Vertical trap [[closure]] is only [[length::500 ft]]; therefore, the measured formation pressure does not match the geology an

...rom producing wells at Weyburn and nearby Steelman fields is [[length::600 ft]]. We are left with two possible conclusions: ...]] [[depth::(60 m]]), then the total column could not exceed [[length::300 ft]] [[depth::(90 m]]).

...tary section in a new basin, i.e., in determining whether it is 2, 5, or [[length::10 km]] thick, for example, to a usual accuracy of about ±15% under favor ...roximately 3.6 km (12,000 ft) thick and basement lies about 3.8 km (12,500 ft) beneath flight level.]]

...:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-3.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Map and cross section of Raven Creek field.]] [[:file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-3.png|Figure 3]] shows a map and [[cross section]] of Raven Creek field.

...onmanga Basin, Australia: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 3–13., 10., 1016/0264-8172(93)90095-A</ref> Khrushin (1993), and Shea et al * Most good sands can trap only [[length::50 ft]] or less of oil column.

...ion is necessary if the zone SP is measured from is less than [[length::20 ft]] thick.) ==Step 3: convert r_mf to r_{mf eq}==

===Track 3: depth annotation=== ...in.]] to [[length::100 ft]] (1:600) and [[length::5 in.]] to [[length::100 ft]] (1:240). This track also includes the location (depth or interval) of the

...al-and-lateral-seismic-resolution-and-attenuation_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}Seismic response of a wedge pinchout. ...be to allow distinguishable reflections from the bed's top and bottom. The length (in time) of seismic wavelets produces confusion because successive reflect

| Gamma ray || [[length::2 ft]] || [[length::12 in]] || Well-to-well correlation and estimates ''V''_sh || Af

...::1.5 ft]] for short radius horizontal wells to greater than [[length::400 ft]] for vertical holes. ! Inner Barrel || Core Length (ft) || Special Features

...ma-gamma [[density log]]. The broader difference anomaly observed over the length of the logged interval is explained by the structural influence of the reef ...ttp://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 AAPG Treatise of Petroleum Geology 3], p. 15-15,</ref> It is practically unaffected by near-borehole influences,

...ones that are wet but too tight to produce. Between these are [[length::30 ft]] [[depth::(8.5 m]]) of mesoto macroporous sandstone (flow units 1-4). Subsea elevation of –1,030 ft (–314 m) is marked in the depth track.

...ld in the Tar Springs Formation reservoir is [[length::29 m]] [[depth::(95 ft]]). ...onmanga Basin, Australia: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 3–13., 10., 1016/0264-8172(93)90095-A</ref> [[:file:evaluating-top-and-faul

...le:determination-of-water-resistivity_fig3.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Log used in example of calculation of water resistivity. Copyright: the SP * If the bed was too thin for the SP to develop fully (beds thinner than 20 ft), the appropriate correction is applied from the charts.

file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-10.png|{{figure number|3}}Estimate gas density. From Schowalter;<ref name=Schowalter1979 /> courtesy ...om [[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-10.png|Figure 3]].

...ch joint of drill pipe added to the drill string (i.e., every [[length::30 ft]], or 9 m) and represents an amalgamated sample of the rocks penetrated in ...ch joint of drill pipe added to the drill string (i.e., every [[length::30 ft]], or 9 m). However, the geologist can specify a different interval if nece

...gamma-gamma density log. The broader difference anomaly observed over the length of the interval is explained by the influence of the entire reef complex. ...ity-in-petroleum-exploration_fig15-14.png|left|300px|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Synthetic model of the configuration of a theoretical drawdown gas cone ar

offshore-rigs_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}Semisubmersible rigs, (a) Pontoon type semisubmersible. (b) Twin hull semi A ''barge rig'' is designed to work in shallow water (less than [[length::20 ft]] deep). The rig is floated to the drillsite, and the lower hull is sunk to

file:checkshots-and-vertical-seismic-profiles_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}The source position (A or B) should be chosen so that the travel path to e ...distance of [[depth::200 ft|200]], [[depth::500 ft|500]], or [[depth::1000 ft]] (61, 152, or 305 m) to record the checkshot, or vertical traveltime, at s

file:seismic-data-acquisition-on-land_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}Vibrator truck in a simple “in line” array. (Photo. Copyright: Western ...e dynamite in “shot holes” ranging in depth from 10 to [[length::300 ft]] (3 to 100 m) and primacord in trenches covered by a few inches of soil. Howeve

| rowspan = 3 | Correlation and lithology || Spontaneous potential | rowspan = 3 | Resistivity || Induction

* R = rate of migration (m³/sec) * P_grad = pore pressure gradient (Pa) (use 4.5 psi/ft if not available)

...hat is a function of the density difference between the two fluids and the length of the less-dense fluid column. * ρ_w = density of water, g/cm³

artificial-lift_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}Hydraulic piston pump.<ref name=pt09r5 /> ...wells that must lift high volumes of fluids from less than [[depth::10,000 ft]] deep. ESPs are often used in the late stages of [[waterflooding]] where h

...of 80–90 psia (air-mercury^o and capable of trapping only 90–100 ft of oil. ...i]] (air–mercury) and can trap more than [[length::300 m]] [[depth::(1,000 ft]]) of oil. Lacustrine and overbank facies contain some [[siltstone]]s that

...cting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-42.png|{{figure number|3}}Empirical ternary diagram for estimating height above free water, pore typ ...e height above free water for the flow unit is approximately [[length::100 ft]]. Assumptions for the diagram include 30°API [[gravity]] oil, saline form

...small structural [[nose]] and [[closure]]. The oil column is [[length::70 ft]] [[depth::(20 m]]) and exceeds structural closure. This is a combination [ [[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]]

wellbore-trajectory_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}Directional well design example: build and hold. ...d “build and hold” is shown in [[:file:wellbore-trajectory_fig3.png|Figure 3]]. A borehole inclination of at least 15° is desirable since it is harder

...sufficient for event identification and [[3-D seismic data: the data cube|3-D seismic data]] calibration. [[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]]

...ectly determines fluid contacts by measuring recovered fluids || rowspan = 3 | Direct measure of fluid contact || Rarely closely spaced, so contacts mus ...ter surface]] from inflections in pressure versus depth curve || rowspan = 3 | Little affected by lithology or [[Production problems#Water-gas coning|co

...oir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-18.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Capillary pressure curve and pore throat size histogram. Modified from Dov ...ile:predicting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-18.png|Figure 3]] illustrate Pittman's point.

TOC is highest in the organic rich Point Pleasant interval ranging from 3% to 12%. The TOC increases to the east and to the southeast. This same inte ...a superlateral in shorter amount of time and for less money than the 6500 ft. laterals it drilled earlier.

...k-to-peak pressure'', which is often quoted in pressure units of bars at [[length::1 m]] (bar meters). Another measure of the performance of the array is the ...s common to put two, three, or four groups in a cable ''section'' (75 to [[length::100 m]] long), which is a unit with connectors at each end. When a section

===Length of test interval=== The length of the test interval should be short so that less mud will be displaced fro

file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-47.png|{{figure number|3}}Seismic reflection profile showing the ''Glob alt'' reservoir interval. Af ...t Breaks depocenter ([[:file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-47.png|Figure 3]]). Subsequent [[Depocenter#Sediment_supply_rate_and_facies_patterns|progra

stimulation_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}Flow to fractured well is linear to fracture, followed by flow that is dow ...wellbore with minimal flow resistance ([[:file:stimulation_fig3.png|Figure 3]]). The success of this operation depends upon the conductivity of the hydr

...y Ragan, Mobil Exploration and Producing US). The core hole is [[length::0.3 mi]] to the west of the seismic reflection profile shown in [[:file:sedimen ...e high-abundance interval of ''G. menardii'' between 190 and [[length::320 ft]] (58 and 98 m). In contrast, the stratigraphic intervals of ''G. menardii'

...osits of the Lombardian Basin; 2 = Friuli and Bagnolo carbonate platforms; 3 = resedimented oolitic deposits of the Vajont [[Limestone]] (the arrow indi file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-29.png|{{figure number|3}}Biofacies maps of the study area in the Gulf of Mexico. After Armentrout.<

...flow regimes of the Louisiana Gulf Coast above a depth of [[depth::20,000 ft]] (6096 m). The uppermost regime consists of low-salinity, meteoric water d ...sediment/salt interface laterally into sand-rich carrier beds (2). Pathway 3 consists of a fault intersection of either pathway 1 or 2 and the vertical

...roduce from the ''Glob alt'' sandstones and the ''Glob alt'' sandstone 200-ft (60-m) isopach. file:sedimentary-basin-analysis_fig4-42.png|{{figure number|3}}Structural elements that define the East Breaks 160-161 minibasin, which i

[[file:exploring-for-structural-traps_fig20-6.jpg|thumb|300px|{{figure number|3}}Satellite image.]] ...the one shown in [[:file:exploring-for-structural-traps_fig20-6.jpg|Figure 3]]. Individual major thrust sheets were defined across the belt as well as t

UGM_Petroleum_Exploration_Fig_3.png|{{figure number|3}}Hydrocarbon reservoir with no gas cap (oil and water zones only; Source: S ...nt. Some of field parameters are maximum [[offset]], minimum offset, array length, group interval, and number of channel. Other field parameters sometimes ar

...ceiver spacing is longer, on the order of [[length::10 ft]] (3.05 m); and (3) the receiver is commonly an array consisting of four to twelve phones. ...ed and digitized, with the typical digitization interval being 5 μsec. The length of the time window recorded varies from 2 to 10 msec, depending on the sour

...of keeping it substantially within the reservoir target until the desired length of horizontal penetration is reached ([[:File:M91Figure161.JPG|Figure 1]]). ...teered back into the target horizon again ([[:File:M91Figure163.JPG|Figure 3]]).

...hives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/study63/APPENDIX3/APPENDIX3.HTM Appendix 3], in S. C. Ruppel, ed., Anatomy of a giant carbonate reservoir: Fullerton C ...gh. Usually a scale of [[length::1 in]] = [[length::5 ft]] or [[length::10 ft]] is appropriate.

...of keeping it substantially within the reservoir target until the desired length of horizontal penetration is reached ([[:file:M91Figure161.JPG|Figure 1]]). ...ontal wells]: Journal of Petroleum Technology, SPE 29242, v. 46, no. 1, p. 3-12.</ref> A catalog of expected log responses, as they would appear in a ho

...he ''kelly bushing'' (9) and kelly. The ''kelly'' is a square or hexagonal length of pipe that is screwed on the drill pipe and used to convey the rotary mov ...led ''treble derricks''. Part way up the derrick are the ''monkey board'' (3) and ''[[pipe finger]]s''. The derrickman handles the top end of each stand

...[:file:workovers_fig1.png|Figure 1]]. The production casing is only 5 to [[length::9 in.]] in diameter, and it has been run into a corkscrew-shaped hole that workovers_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}Casing repair via squeeze cementing.

...s that sit on the sea floor. In moderately deep water (more than 45 m [150 ft] deep), a floating or semisubmersible rig is used. The semisubmersible rig ...eep water is defined as water depths between 500 and 2000 m (1640 and 6562 ft).<ref name=Weimerandslatt_2004>Weimer, P., and R. M. Slatt, 2004, Petroleum

...System design considerations and field results," Geophysics, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 629-929.</ref> The result of the Fréchet derivative is displayed in e Equation (2) H_z = (-M)/(4πr^3 ) e^{(-ik_b r)} (1+ik_b r-k_b<sup>2</

[[file:sidewall-coring_fig3.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Process of Sidetrak Coring System®. Copyright: Foothills Diamond Coring, ...should be available in the future. [[:file:sidewall-coring_fig3.png|Figure 3]] shows a prototype of the new Sidetrak Coring System.

...eflect the various lithologies drilled over a 10-ft interval. The interval length can vary depending on the drilling rate and the detail needed for reservoir ...amples are typically washed through a 5-mm sieve. Particles greater than [[length::5 mm]] usually contain a high percentage of lost circulation material and

...large-scale sand blankets. These may be very thick (more than 300 m [1000 ft]), and cover hundreds of square kilometers.<ref name=Richardsonetal_1988a>R .... The width-to-thickness ratio is estimated as between 50:1 and 100:1. The length-to-thickness ratio is estimated as 200 to 1.

...name=Yieldingetal_2010 />. It is seen in [[:file:GumelarFigure3.jpg|Figure 3]] that in several ways that hydrocarbon fluids can escape. In the top illus [[file:GumelarFigure3.jpg|center|framed|{{figure number|3}}Illustration of three factors that influence fault analysis: juxtaposition

..., 1996, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/study42/ch05/0062.htm 3-D seismic expression of a shallow fluvial system in west central Texas], in ...003, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2003/06jun/0909/0909.HTM 3-D seismic geomorphology: Insights into fluvial reservoir deposition and pe

...te that the curves are responding to apparent bedding features less than [[length::1 in.]] thick. [[file:dipmeters_fig3.png|thumb|300px|{{figure number|3}}Example of thin bed laminated sandstone-shale resolution by means of a dip

...g at a high angle to a shoreline trend (see [[:file:M91Ch11FG71.JPG|Figure 3]]). The lobate shape of the delta front may also be recognized. file:M91Ch11FG71.JPG|{{figure number|3}} A gross sandstone thickness map can give an idea of the depositional dip

;3. Collect all information related to the logs: Locate the headers for all lo ...eference before data processing can continue. A depth shift of [[length::3 ft]] can destroy an otherwise good correlation among logging measurements or b

...aldi-robert-m-sneider_capillary-pressure_3.jpg|300px|thumb|{{figure_number|3}}Mercury injection capillary pressure curve terminology.]] ...rles-l-vavra-john-g-kaldi-robert-m-sneider_capillary-pressure_3.jpg|Figure 3]]), resulting in the injection curve (which is also called the drainage cur

...e winching system often ruins SP logs. Look for a sine-form SP whose cycle length is the circumference of the cable drum. ...ly permeable, so expect mudcake to cause a caliper reading that is about [[length::0.5 in.]] smaller than the bit size. Bed boundaries are often accurately d

...er-balanced (1000 psi) Increase well rate slowly Maximize perforations per ft Select rate less than critical velocity Use clay stabilizer || Preflush if ...a worse-case scenario. Permeability of the formation rock to a 0.51-''M'' (3 wt. %) NaCl solution is followed by permeability to freshwater. Sensitive r

[[file:well-completions_fig3.png|thumb|300px|{{figure number|3}}Wellbore diagram of (a) a perforated completion and (b) a single completio ...with a dual or triple completion in reservoirs deeper than [[depth::10,000 ft]].

Naturally, rock is fractured can be categorized into 3 type geologically, based on porosity system : UGM_Porosity_Fig_3.png|{{figure number|3}}Relative permeability in porous and relative permeability curve (Golf-Rach

...ments (Monicard, 1980). Vertical core plugs may also be cut every 1.5 m (5 ft) for example. On occasions, large pieces of full-diameter core are used for ...rements are complete. It will be cut into three vertical sections down the length of the core. The middle slab is kept as a reference core for further study

[[File:Land-description-and-maps fig3.png|300px|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' A circle divided into 360 degrees, showing typical compass bearings.]] ...egree compass, shown in [[:Image:Land-description-and-maps fig3.png|Figure 3]],... the plot of the above metes and bounds property description use[s] th

...tation of the Gullfaks field, northern North Sea: Petroleum Geoscience, v. 3, no. 1, p. 13–26.</ref> Another method is to use semblance data to detect M91Ch13FG81.JPG|{{figure number|3}}The stratigraphy in a well penetrating a normal fault will be incomplete d

...on techniques, perforation strategies, and recovery factors: An integrated 3-D reservoir modeling study, Sirikit field, Thailand]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 83, ...ant effect of sediment cohesion on delta morphology: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, no. 2, p. 105–109, doi: 10.1038/ngeo730.</ref> Geleynse et al.<ref name=

...zones, pools, and [[reservoir]]s are found by drilling or recompletions; (3) infill wells or stimulation procedures; (4) improved drilling and completi ...akota Plainview in 1998. Production occurs from approximately 4000 to 8500 ft below the surface across the field. Reservoir quality in the various horizo

...d body with a mobile border 25 km (15 mi) long and between 0.5 and 2 km (0.3 and 1.2 mi) wide.<ref>Major, R. P., D. G. Bebout, and P. M. Harris, 1996, F ...Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, September 30–October 3, 2001, New Orleans, Louisiana, SPE Paper 71505, 10 p.</ref>

...g Rumaila, West Qurna, Majnoon, Halfayah, Zubair, and Buzurgan fields; and 3) [[siliciclastic]] rocks of the Zubair Formation (Albian–Barremian), in f ...ros foldbelt; 2) Triassic oil-prone source rocks in northwestern Iraq; and 3) Silurian gas-prone source rocks in western Iraq. The oil generated from th

...ility, respectively), and the estimate of NGL resources ranged from 0.5 to 3.02 billion bbls (95 percent to 5 percent probability, respectively). ...etion reports from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (DNR), over 27.3 bcf of gas and 972,000 bbls of condensate and/or oil were produced from the

...ed fractures, if any; (2) organic-rich mudstones with open fractures; and (3) hybrid systems with a combination of juxtaposed organic-rich and organic-l ...thout open fractures, (2) organic-rich mudstones with open fractures, and (3) hybrid systems that have juxtaposed, continuous organic-rich and organic-l

[[file:M31F18.jpg|thumb|500px|{{figure number|3}}Cores of distributary-mouth bar sequence. Diameter of cores is 13 cm (5 in For a given length of time, prodelta deposits are thicker (because of high sedimentation) than

...tant shale-gas-producing province since the early 1800s, with an estimated 3.0 tcf already produced from Devonian black shale.<ref name=Dw1986>de Witt J ...of water and 167,800 kg (370,000 lb) of sand was used to treat a 27 m (90 ft) gross interval of the Marcellus organic shale in the Range Resources 1 Ren

...de la Mula formations; [[:file:M125-VacaMuerta-Figure1.jpeg|Figure 1]]); (3) 9.2 Bboe (billion barrels of oil equivalent) produced (from first oil in 1 ...s from multiple fluid windows ([[:file:M125-VacaMuerta-Figure3.jpeg|Figure 3]]) and requires horizontal drilling and hydraulic-fracture stimulation to a