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| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology | frompg = 2-41

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...seal analysis (<ref name=ch10r70>Skerlec, G., M., 1982, Risking top seals in the Central Graben: Exxon Production Research Company internal report.</ref

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology The amount of organic carbon present in a rock is a determining factor in a rock's ability to generate hydrocarbons.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...gger is responsible for plotting the data acquired during his or her tour. In this way, the mudlog becomes an accurate and up-to-date record of nearly al

| series = Methods in Exploration ...are due to inadequate imaging of the subsurface resulting from the use of 2-D rather than 3-D migration<ref name=pt07r13>French, W. S., 1974, Two-dimen

| series = Methods in Exploration * ''To supplement measurements taken in open hole''. It may be necessary to supplement open hole measurements becau

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology | chapter = Using magnetics in petroleum exploration

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology Water resistivity or R_w, is a critical component of log analysis in calculating [[water saturation]] using the [[Archie equation]]. R<sub>w</su

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...traps and shows why bottom seals are more important to stratigraphic traps in determining accumulation size.]]

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...ight shown from producing wells at Weyburn and nearby Steelman fields is [[length::600 ft]]. We are left with two possible conclusions:

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology | chapter = Using magnetics in petroleum exploration

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology | chapter = Applying gravity in petroleum exploration

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology | frompg = 2-25

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...th tube-shaped pore systems; however, it is only an approximation for flow in rocks with high percentages of [[clay]]s, like [[shale]]s, due to the plate

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...y values that reflect the compaction state or (2) by comparing the strains in tested traps associated with successes and failures.

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...asure of the fluid conductivity of a rock. The permeability of a flow unit in a reservoir is not an absolute value but is a relative value that varies wi

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ..., flask-shaped microfossils (50 μm to [[length::2 mm]] in size) that occur in rocks of [[Ordovician]] to [[Devonian]] age. The biological affinities of c

...goes to a direct exploration, and if that is also successful, ends finally in an exploitation. ...ield as reference. These fields are registered by a magnetometer installed in a plane that flies over the interest zone. Sedimentary formations with hydr

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...set of porosities and corresponding resistivities taken from well logs and 2×4 cycle log-log paper. The procedure for making a Pickett plot consists of

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...n southeastern Colorado on the north flank of the Las Animas Arch. The map in [[:file:predicting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-85.png|Fig

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...ns. In many prospects it is not enough just to know that a trap is present in a basin where hydrocarbons were [[Petroleum generation|generated]] and migr

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology [[Fault]] zones in siliciclastic sequences consist of various proportions of [[sand]] and [[sh

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...D., Robinson, A., G., eds., Diagenesis and Basin Development: AAPG Studies in Geology 36, p. 155–197.</ref> Continental glaciation characterizes icehou

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology | chapter = Using magnetics in petroleum exploration

| series = Methods in Exploration ...rom [[length::1.5 ft]] for short radius horizontal wells to greater than [[length::400 ft]] for vertical holes.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...mation water and measure its resistivity. However, this is seldom possible in practice, as formation water samples, if available, are invariably contamin

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...tion–capillary pressure curves for sandstone]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 76, no. 2, p. 191–198.</ref> is much more effective for determining quality. The K<

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...pressure]] (P_c) curves for the flow units it contains. The data in a P_c curve can be converted to give the following:

| series = Methods in Exploration ...al-and-lateral-seismic-resolution-and-attenuation_fig2.png|{{figure number|2}}A 1.5-octave zero-phase wavelet passing frequencies between 14 and 65 Hz t

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology .../ref><ref name=ch10r74>Skerlec, G. M., 1997b, Atlas of fault seal behavior in the Gulf Coast: Franklin, Pennsylvania, SEALS International, 4356 p.</ref><

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...on of the Morrow sandstone in Sorrento field, Cheyenne County, Colorado, ''in'' S. A. Sonnenberg, L. T. Shannon, K. Rader, W. F. von Drehle, and G.W. Mar

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...or much of the cementation of carbonate sediments. Early diagenesis occurs in a consistent sequence of four diagenetic zones:

| series = Methods in Exploration ...etration is calculated by measuring the length of time required to drill [[length::1 ft]] of depth. This is typically done by reading the chart on the geolog

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ications/news/explorer/details/articleid/8055/discoveries-breathe-new-life-in-newfoundland#prettyPhoto%5BGallery%201464%5D/0/ AAPG Explorer].]]

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology | chapter = Using magnetics in petroleum exploration

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...nd [[Reservoir quality|pore geometry]]. Mapping S_w distribution in a reservoir helps us predict trap boundaries.

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...ft]], or 9 m) and represents an amalgamated sample of the rocks penetrated in that interval.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...smic data]] is common. The ability to determine the position of everything in the water on a shot-by-shot basis has also improved significantly.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...he mathematical variables and abbreviations used in this chapter are given in Table 1.

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology | chapter = Applying gravity in petroleum exploration

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...easing the contact area of the hydrocarbons with the shale. Any weaknesses in the shale, such as fractures, will eventually be reached by the accumulatin

| series = Methods in Exploration ...cquired, the resistivity distribution of the subsurface can be interpreted in terms of soil characteristics and/or rock type and geological structure. Re

...system coupled through the desorption process. The mechanism for gas flow in the coal involves three steps: ...o coalbed methane, A supplement to Oil and Gas Investor, v. 26, no. 12, p. 2-7.</ref>

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ..., D., M., 1993, Integrated rock-log evaluation of fluvio-lacustrine seals, in Ebanks, J., Kaldi, J., Vavra, C., eds., Seals and Traps: A Multidisciplinar

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-9.png|{{figure number|2}}Estimate compressibility factor, ''z''. From Schowalter;<ref name=Schowalt

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...on]], [[accumulation]], and flow to a wellbore. Differential pressure (ΔP) in the fluid continuum of the [[petroleum system]], caused by properties of fl

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...the Gulf Coast: Franklin, Pennsylvania, SEALS International, 4356 p.</ref> In most cases, however, the percent fill is significantly less and is limited

| series = Methods in Exploration ...s of gathering the energy as it is reflected by changes in rock properties in the subsurface

| series = Methods in Exploration The more control the geoscientist has in mapping the subsurface, the greater the accuracy of the maps. Control can b

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...hat is a function of the density difference between the two fluids and the length of the less-dense fluid column.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ma-gamma [[density log]]. The broader difference anomaly observed over the length of the logged interval is explained by the structural influence of the reef

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology High-amplitude (60 to over [[length::100 m]]), high-frequency (fourth- and fifth-order; see [[Hierarchy of sequ

| series = Methods in Exploration ...and reservoir performance, the boundaries of these units need to be mapped in depth. Thus, the concept of the velocity checkshot survey has been develope

| series = Methods in Exploration ...wireline logging devices can be divided into four general groups, as shown in Table 1. The ''correlation and lithology'' devices are used primarily to co

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...ty (K_ab). The permeability of a reservoir rock to any one fluid in the presence of others is its effective permeability to that fluid. It depe

| series = Methods in Exploration ...rmation. Stoneley wave velocity and amplitude have been shown to be useful in the detection of fractures and the estimation of relative formation [[perme

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ly, a mark, groove, or line is placed on the surface of the core and the ''in situ'' [[azimuth]] of the marking is determined with respect to geographic

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...urassic-Lower Cretaceous shales. A seismic line across both traps is shown in the following figure. Trap A is at the left; trap B is at the center.

| series = Methods in Exploration A number of different types of artificial lift systems are currently in use. The four primary artificial lift systems are

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology Biostratigraphic data can aid in identifying individual depositional sequences and stacked depositional sequ

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...sis#Parasequence_stacking_patterns|Sets of parasequences]] generally stack in [[Depocenter#Sediment_supply_rate_and_facies_patterns|retrogradational, agg

| series = Methods in Exploration ...on and production or injection purposes. [[:file:workovers_fig2.png|Figure 2]] illustrates the tight fit of these concentric strings. Although the diame

...lbore and pay zone. In this topic, there are many factors to be considered in order to have a successful perforation operation. Those factors would be th [[file:UreigaAlmandiFigure2.jpg|thumb|200px|{{figure number|2}}Shaped charges.]]

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ef. The integrated sonic log from the reef well is shown as the dark trace in the central part of the figure.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...tionships_fig1.png|{{figure number|1}}Plot showing unshifted core porosity in spiked format, together with bulk density log.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...s.datapages.com/data/alt-browse/aapg-special-volumes/sg63.htm AAPG Studies in Geology 63], unnumbered.</ref>]]

| series = Methods in Exploration ...lt for the mudlogger to collect and analyze all of the samples accurately. In this situation, the sample interval can be increased or an additional mudlo

| series = Methods in Exploration ...that provides information on whether or not to complete the well. The zone in question is sealed off from the rest of the wellbore by packers, and the fo

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...ratigraphy and seismic stratigraphy, Pliocene–Pleistocene, Gulf of Mexico, in Weimer, P., Link, M., H., eds., Seismic Facies and Sedimentary Processes of

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...Jurassic paleogeography. 1 = deep-water deposits of the Lombardian Basin; 2 = Friuli and Bagnolo carbonate platforms; 3 = resedimented oolitic deposits

| series = Methods in Exploration ...d line on the left. The gas-oil contact is controlled by the volume of gas in the trap, not the capillary properties.]]

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ta for a field in a three-dimensional grid. This is particularly important in deviated wells where measured depth and thickness can differ significantly

| series = Methods in Exploration ..., and tools and methods that work well in one reservoir can fail miserably in the next one. (For information on standard logging tools, see [[Basic open

...ese members are d first two members of each of the families mention above. In cyclic aliphatic compounds, the end carbon atoms of an acyclic carbon chain ...d and transformed into sediment as a result of the great heat and pressure in the earth's [[crust]]. They are used as fuels, burnt to release heat and ot

| series = Methods in Exploration ...crease knowledge of formations. However, sidewall cores should not be used in lieu of whole cores since the discontinuous sampling could lead to misinter

| series = Methods in Exploration ...conjunction with slick BHAs when differential sticking is known to occur. In addition, slick BHAs can be run when there is a risk of losing the BHA due

| series = Methods in Exploration ...E., David J. Curry, and Marek Kacewicz, eds., Basin modeling: New horizons in research and applications: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1106 AAPG

| series = Methods in Exploration Fluid flow in a reservoir is controlled by bed continuity, the presence of baffles to flo

...ic and geologic sections in extensional regimes: AAPG Bulletin, v. 75, no. 2, p. 278-297.</ref> ...ield a pre-deformational state of the area in a single step restoration or in several intermediate stages (sequential restoration).‎<ref>Vidal-Royo, O.

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...organic matter found in a rock. Only two types of organic matter are found in rocks: land derived and aquatic algae derived. Heat and pressure convert or

...of hydrocarbons. Various drilling strategies can be adopted to place wells in specific patterns with the aim of optimizing production from a field. ...he drill pipe slides along the hole behind the turbine. To deflect the bit in the appropriate direction, a bent sub is used; this is a piece of drill pip

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...he preceding tasks flow together and applies the techniques and approaches in [[:file:exploring-for-structural-traps_fig20-4.png|Figure 1]]. The explorat

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology .... Allard, 1993, Integrated rock-log evaluation of fluvio-lacustrine seals, in J. Ebanks, J. Kaldi, and C. Vavra, eds., Seals and Traps: A Multidisciplina

| series = Methods in Exploration ...well to produce at rates high enough for the timely recovery of investment in drilling and completing the well.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ong as oil migrates updip, it would seem there is nothing more fundamental in oil exploration than determining which way is up. It is for this basic purp

...Drilling rig in Pinedale field with the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA in the background. Photo &copy; by Douglas McCartney.]] ...[hydrocarbon]]s. Various drilling strategies can be adopted to place wells in specific patterns with the aim of optimizing production from a field.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...e space. Common porosity types in sandstone and carbonate rocks are listed in Table 1 (also see [[Porosity]]).

| series = Methods in Exploration ..., An analysis of the potential for enhanced oil recovery from known fields in the United States—1976–2000: NPC, Dec.</ref> Several enhanced oil recov

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...d R. Woodhams, 1994, [http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-92/issue-23/in-this-issue/exploration/gulf-of-mexico-growth-fault-drilled-seen-as-oil-gas-

...tion for an extended period of time. This technology plays a critical role in monitoring the fluid movement between the wells. ...ell EM tomography have many usages and applications, but it is mainly used in:

| series = Methods in Exploration ...Eh-pH history. In clastics, lattice defect and activator ion content used in provenance and para-genesis studies. ||

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ulation of confidence intervals for statistical projections must be viewed in the restrictive light of geological data. Nonetheless, quantitative descrip

| series = Methods in Exploration * Protect the integrity of the reservoir, especially in unconsolidated formations

...ock. Even though, petroleum reservoar rocks can be found in most of depth, in deeper depth, the overburden pressure is enough to deform sedimentary rock ...t ways, depends on pressure direction and type of rock. A fracture contain 2 uncommon rock’s surface, and contact each other. Volume between surfaces

| series = Methods in Exploration ...arbons. Cores are essential to understanding the nature of the pore system in the potential reservoir unit. The knowledge gained from cores enhances our

| series = Methods in Exploration ...netic total intensity anomalies for the same object at different latitudes in the northern hemisphere.<ref name=ch14r7 /> Copyright: Society of Explorati

| series = Methods in Exploration ...rticle [[Building a cash flow model]], are summarized here in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.

| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology ...nships between production and geology that may be used to locate prospects in untested areas.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...record taken from a line. [[:file:basic-seismic-processing_fig2.png|Figure 2]] is the same line of data after processing to illustrate how the field rec

| series = Studies in Geology ...duties. As a Work of the United States Government, this image or media is in the public domain.]]

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ling rig in [[Pinedale field]] with the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA in the background. Photo &copy; by Douglas McCartney.]]

| series = Methods in Exploration * Mixing of formation water with extraneous brine in which the total [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations cation

...f name=Knipe_1992>Knipe, R. J., 1992, Faulting processes and fault seal, ''in'' R. M. Larsen, H. Brekke, B. T. Larsen, and E. Talleraas, eds., Structural * Diagenesis, where cementation that occurs in the partial fault plane / can also completely cover porosity so that the fi

| series = Methods in Exploration ...al purposes are those that are (1) most influenced by rock properties and (2) least influenced by fluid properties. The most useful of the commonly avai

...dip]]s), faults, folds, [[fracture]]s, or many processes have had occurred in earlier times. ...map. The idea of making an original map of rock distribution was invented in 1684 by [[w:Martin Lister | Martin Lister (1639-1712)]]. Lister stated that

| series = Methods in Exploration ...stinguishable from any other tract or point—that is, if they are described in a legally sufficient manner.

| series = Methods in Exploration Data preparation is usually conducted in a prescribed order. The order may vary slightly because of personal prefere

...oirs. Eolian sandstone reservoirs are commonly found in two time intervals in the geological record, the early Paleozoic and between the Permian and the ...depressions. These areas may be subjected to either erosion or deposition. In wetter conditions, [[alluvial]] fans may extend outwards from upland areas,

...reality, oil field professionals are acutely aware of the danger involved in the combustion and explosive blast that can result from a hydrocarbon blowo ...ng and crushing the rock underneath it. Mud passes out through the nozzles in the drill bit, cools the bit, and acts to lift the rock cuttings up to the

...eral Petrology, vol. 151, pp. 413–433. doi:10.1007/s00410-006-0068-5</ref> In zircon crystals, [[Titanium]] is commonly incorporated, replacing similarly ...zircon microscope.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Optical microscope photograph; the length of the crystal is about 250 [[µm]].]]

...g25.htm Exploration for heavy crude oil and natural bitumen]: AAPG Studies in Geology 25, p. 3–23.</ref> The degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation is de ...data/alt-browse/aapg-special-volumes/hed4.htm Basin modeling: New horizons in research and applications]: AAPG Hedberg Series 4, p. 1–16.</ref>

| series = Methods in Exploration ...ty of the data obtained from these analyses can be significant, especially in equity determinations. It is important to obtain data that relate as closel

...West Virginia, reported production included condensate and oil from wells in the Marcellus Shale. ...gas liquids resource of 1.5 billion bbls in continuous-type accumulations in the Marcellus Shale. The estimate of natural gas resources ranged from 34 t

| series = Methods in Exploration ...m]] development, cross sections are used to portray geological information in a visual form so that reservoir characteristics can be readily interpreted.

| series = Methods in Exploration ...s important because capillarity controls the static distribution of fluids in the reservoir prior to production and remaining hydrocarbons after primary

...[Coal]] may also be considered as a source rock, even though it is present in relatively small quantities within the earth. These source rocks can or can UGM_Petroleum_Exploration_Fig_2.png|{{figure number|2}}Hydrocarbon reservoir with gas cap, oil zone, and water zone (Source: Saud

...ds have carbonate reservoirs, including the largest conventional oil field in the world, the Ghawar field of Saudi Arabia. ...f>Major, R. P., D. G. Bebout, and P. M. Harris, 1996, Facies heterogeneity in a modern ooid sand shoal—An analog for hydrocarbon reservoirs: Bureau of

...after a field has been producing for a few years. This reflects the change in the stress state of the reservoir as a result of pressure depletion. ...2007, Structural evolution of the Penguins cluster, UK northern North Sea, in S. J. Jolley, D. Barr, J. J. Walsh, and R. J. Knipe, eds., Structurally com

| title = Three-dimensional modeling of clinoforms in shallow-marine reservoirs: Part 1. Concepts and application ...mber of input parameters. Consequently, clinoforms are rarely incorporated in models of shallow-marine reservoirs, even when their potential impact on fl

| series = Studies in Geology ...duties. As a Work of the United States Government, this image or media is in the public domain.]]

...e from core and log data as to the overall geometry of a fluvial reservoir in the subsurface (e.g., Bridge<ref name=Bridge_2003>Bridge, J. S., 2003, Rive ...m in west central Texas], in P. Weimer and T. L. Davis, eds.: AAPG Studies in Geology 42 and SEG (Society of Exploration Geophysicists) Geophysical Devel

...99/10oct/1588/1588.htm Geology and stratigraphy of fluvio-deltaic deposits in the Ivishak Formation: Applications for development of Prudhoe Bay field, A ...ica, the Mahakam Delta in Borneo, the Caspian Sea, and the Maracaibo Basin in Venezuela.

...ion is enormous; the data are essential for reservoir evaluation. Later on in field life, it becomes more important to justify the expense of the data. T ...blems]] encountered or changes in the drilling parameters will be reported in the margins of the mud log. The presence of oil shows will be noted. The ga

...s is not easy, as there will be mostly vertical or near vertical well data in the field. The vertical facies profile may be determined reasonably confide ...tionship of the various sedimentary bodies; they also permit the width and length of the various macroforms to be readily measured.

There are more than 100 oil and gas fields in Iraq, containing more than 137 billion barrels of recoverable oil and more ...foredeep. There is one gas discovery (Akkas field) on the Arabian platform in western Iraq.

...to do the same worldwide – has in this century become a contentious issue in which both proponents and opponents express strong views. Proponents have said the use of hydraulic fracturing has resulted in historically high levels of recovered oil and gas, which has helped lower e

[[File:Paraná_Delta_near_Rosario.jpg|thumb|300px|Semi-flooded islands in the Upper Delta, off the coast of Rosario, Argentina. Photo by [https://com ...g during annual highwater periods, and periodic breaks in the river banks, in which "crevassing" into adjacent lake basins occurs. The major environments

...ths, and finer grained sediments settling farther offshore from suspension in the water column or as a result of downslope mass-movement processes. The s ...L. D., and J. M. Coleman, 1971, Effluent expansion and interfacial mixing in the presence of a salt wedge, Mississippi River delta: Jour. Geophys. Resea

Medical geology is a multi-disciplinary field of study in geology which studies the health effects of geologic materials and processe ...f fluoride in rocks leads to various forms of fluorosis which can manifest in the dissolution of apatite crystals of the enamel.

| chapter = Field Growth in the Supergiant Wattenberg Field, Denver Basin, Colorado, USA ...e following: (1) boundaries of proved areas are extended by [[drilling]]; (2) new pay zones, pools, and [[reservoir]]s are found by drilling or recomple

...ional resources, the nationalization of the main operator, dramatic shifts in fiscal regime, a quick evolution of the play concepts (from vertical to hor ...unconventional play, exceptionally thick (100–400 m), vast (30,000 km²), and porous (10%–20%), with a prograding clinoform hosting up to e

...nt hydrocarbon producer in the Appalachian Basin. This has changed greatly in the last few years. ...expected to exceed 1 billion cubic feet (gas equivalents) per day (bcfepd) in 2010.

Success in shale-gas resource systems has renewed interest in efforts to attempt to produce oil from organic-rich mudstones or juxtaposed ...systems are organic-rich mudstones that have generated oil that is stored in the organic-rich mudstone intervals or migrated into juxtaposed, continuous