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[[file:predicting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-40.png|500px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}How a Buckles pl ...uality and Performance], in E. A. Beaumont and N. H. Foster, Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps, [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 AAPG Treatise of P

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.... H. Foster, eds., [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Exploring for Oil & Gas Traps: AAPG Treatise of Petroleum Geology, Handbook of Petroleum Geol .... H. Foster, eds., [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Exploring for Oil & Gas Traps: AAPG Treatise of Petroleum Geology, Handbook of Petroleum Geol

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...60], pp. 3-22</ref> "includes all the elements and processes needed for an oil and gas accumulation to exist." In Magoon and Dow's definition, the element ...n indirect BCGS has an oil-prone source rock. This fundamental difference, oil-prone vs. gas-prone source rocks, leads to significantly different characte

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| image = Oil-field-production-geology.png | title = Oil Field Production Geology

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...e their specific areas of expertise for the venture to be successful. Some oil companies have separate geology and engineering department, but regardless ...lines within a subsurface team.<ref name=Shepherd_2009>Shepherd, M., 2009, Oil Field Production Geology: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=788 AAPG Me

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Sharp reductions in demand for oil and gas dramatically affected drilling in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico ...roadhead, R. F., 2018, The Upper Mancos Shale in the San Juan Basin: Three oil and gas plays, conventional and unconventional: Update, AAPG Search and Dis

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...Students Committee and were judged on their technical and written English quality. * Mohammed Y. Aljezan, Saudi Aramco [[Biodegradation of crude oil in reservoirs]]

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...ing it to a sufficiently high temperature, a process called ''retorting.'' Oil shales have a low calorific value and high ash and mineral content. ...0px|Uintah Basin, Utah. Courtesy of [http://etv10news.com/first-commercial-oil-shale-mine-in-nation-to-be-housed-in-utah/ eTV10 News].]]

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...c-rich intervals, the Vaca Muerta has garnered interest from international oil and gas companies such as ExxonMobil, Chevron, TOTAL, YPF, and Repsol, as w ...ta-Figure1.png|300px|center|framed|{{figure number|1}}Charts demonstrating oil and gas production from the Vaca Muerta Play. From Rystad Energy (2021)]]

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* Variable oil and water chemical composition ...alous fluid relationships (such as a gas zone underlying an oil zone or an oil zone downdip of water)

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* How does oil escape from the [[source rock]]? * Does oil migrate out of the [[trap]]?

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| chapter = Reservoir quality The quality of a reservoir is defined by its hydrocarbon storage capacity and deliverab

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In oil and gas industry, classifying carbonate rocks is a major step in core and t ...cations provide an indication of depositional energy setting and reservoir quality.

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...orrelation of sedimentary facies and lithologies to petrographic reservoir quality. Distribution of reservoir facies in the subsurface Is compiled from observ ...approach to assess the depositional and diagenetic controls on [[reservoir quality]] and heterogeneity.

* [[Oil]] * [[Oil quality]]

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...advisable unless absolutely necessary because of the risk of removing any oil staining present. Solvents and material contaminated by solvents should be ...ted to the quality of the cuttings. Factors that adversely affect cuttings quality are summarized as follows:

The Eagle Ford Group (or Shale) is a major oil, natural gas, and condensate/natural gas liquids play in southwest to centr ...,000 ft (Fig. 2) across a roughly northwest to southeast trend. Eagle Ford oil is also widely produced in Texas and parts of Louisiana from wells in the o

...uring late tectonic movements (Guo et al., 2020). In summary, for the high quality shale interval, high porosity provides abundant pore space for shale gas st * [[EMD Tight Oil & Gas Committee]]

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...e in organic solvents, and the term is used here in a restricted sense for oil generated in petroleum source rocks before it is expelled. ...n even lower percentage of this buried fraction is converted to petroleum (oil and gas), expelled, migrated, concentrated, and trapped in reservoirs.

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...d D. H. Welte, 1984, Petroleum formation and occurrence: A new approach to oil and gas exploration: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 538p.</ref> The somewhat time ...ing and [[thermal maturation]]. In both cases, organic matter quantity and quality are diminished.

...er hydrocarbons that may eventually become producible; this includes known oil and gas deposits present that cannot be technologically or economically rec ...s integrating geological and engineering data. Depending on the amount and quality of data available, one or more of the following methods may be used to esti

..., such as through [[Reservoir quality#compaction|compaction]], [[Reservoir quality#cementation|cementation]], and tectonic [[deformation]]. Geological heterog ...age efficiency]] of the reservoir, and vertical and [[lateral]] [[Enhanced oil recovery|sweep efficiency]] of [[Waterflooding|secondary and tertiary recov

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.... (E) Gas-stage TSR calcite (yellow arrow), with no evidence of bitumen or oil inclusions found in this type of calcite, suggesting that calcite was forme ...l of an oil or gas field provides unique information regarding [[reservoir quality]], reservoir homogeneity, and in some cases, the potential for [[Rock-water

...r, 1985b, How to evaluate orientation data, quality control in technology: Oil and Gas Journal, v. 83, n. 49, p. 46–54.</ref> describe graphic and overl ==Core orientation quality==

...arnett_shale/bs_images/bsOilGasWells.png Texas Commission on Environmental Quality]</ref>]] ...e=TRC>Texas Railroad Commission, [http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/oil-gas/major-oil-gas-formations/barnett-shale-information/ Barnett Shale Information.]</ref>

...=pt05r123>Park, A., 1985, Coring, Part 2—core barrel types and uses: World Oil, v. 200, p. 83–90.</ref> Data from continuous core are typically combined ...Keelan, 1985, Coring, Part 7—analytical aspects of sidewall coring: World Oil, v. 201, p. 77–90.</ref> (See also [[Sidewall coring]].)

..., well testing and simulation can be used to supplement and/or upgrade the quality of forecasts generated by production histories (see [[Production testing]] Decline curve analysis relates past performance of gas and oil wells to future performance, but it does not anticipate changes in performa

...tion and dissolution also change these variations and affect the reservoir quality. Hence good analytical interpretations, research, innovativeness and learnt The depositional environments are very important and determine the reservoir quality. They sandstone beds range from terrestrial to deep marine, including: Fluv

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...or specific applications. Coring provides the only means of obtaining high quality samples for the direct measurement of rock and reservoir properties. Cores Disposable inner core barrels have improved both core recovery and core quality. Aluminum or fiberglass inner core barrels can be substituted for conventio

...udhoe Bay&mdash;A ten year perspective], ''in'' M. T. Halbouty, ed., Giant oil and gas fields of the decade: [http://archives.datapages.com/data/alt-brows ...eld occurs between 2500 and 2800 m subsea (8200 and 9200 ft), and original oil- and gas-column thicknesses were 142 m (465 ft) and 122 m (400 ft), respect

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...range counties of Colorado, thermally mature Niobrara source rocks produce oil and gas (Higley and Cox, 2007). Further east in Colorado, as well as in sou ...DJ Basin production peaked in November 2019 and has since declined (World Oil, 2020).

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* Reservoir quality has a good table of porosity types * API gravity see oil gravity

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...osed of one or more [[reservoir quality]] lithologies and any nonreservoir quality rock types within that same volume, as well as the fluids they contain''.}} ...ical or petrophysical properties. They may contain more than one reservoir quality lithology and they may include nonreservoir features such as shales and cem

.../data/alt-browse/aapg-special-volumes/sg25.htm Exploration for heavy crude oil and natural bitumen]: AAPG Studies in Geology 25, p. 3–23.</ref> The degr ==Crude oil Composition==

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...EagleFord2019-20CommRept.jpg|300px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Initial gas-to-oil ratios, play footprint, elevation contours, and thickness contours for the The Eagle Ford Group (or Shale) is a major oil, natural gas, and condensate/natural gas liquids play in southwest to centr

| chapter = Oil and condensate analysis ...gineering, and wellsite information to make these interpretations ([[:file:oil-and-condensate-analysis_fig1.png|Figure 1]]).

...c data trace that bear little resemblance to each other. Variations in the quality of the well log data can have a major impact on the final synthetic display | image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png

Economic analysis of contemplated oil and gas ventures must be carried out on the assumption that the project is ...mes and you are betting on one trial. It is important to emphasize that in oil and gas exploration, there are many possible outcomes. Furthermore, the con

...evolution processes in reservoirs such as those associated with [[enhanced oil recovery]] (EOR). ...ameddine, and N. J. Guinzy, 1993, Crosswell seismic tomography in improved oil recovery: First Break (in press).</ref> For example, heating of heavy oils

...nes that are used in the oil industry and/or paleoenvironmental use (Avada Oil and Gas Course).]] ...asin modeling. The following are most common use of biostratigraphy in the oil industry:

* GC is used in the analysis of air pollutants, oil spills, Food contaminants, drugs of abuse detection etc… ...f organic contaminants in water, and analysis of petroleum products during oil processing.

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...h December 2000, more than 17.2 million m³ (108 million bbl) of oil and 2.7 billion m³ (94 billion ft³) of gas from upper ...ted about 15% of more than 1.9 billion m³ (12.3 billion bbl) of oil produced in the area since 1864. Because Stevens oils derive from Monterey

...ips Petroleum in the 1970s and have been on production since 1996. Three [[oil]] fields in the block produce from the Upper [[Jurassic]] Brae member of th .../17, UK North Sea, in J. G. Gluyas and H. M. Hichens, eds., United Kingdom oil and gas fields, commemorative millennium volume: Geological Society (London

...tegration of lithology, [[rate of penetration]] (ROP), gas recordings, and oil description (see [[Mudlogging: the mudlog]]). * Detection of formation [[Natural gas|gas]] or [[Oil as an energy source|oil]]

...positional environments become important for [[Predicting reservoir system quality and performance|reservoir evaluation]]. | [[Drilling problems#Hole instability|Borehole condition]], quality control

...olume), [[hydrocarbon migration]], hydrocarbon type and quality, reservoir quality, and reservoir pressure and temperature prediction for pre–drill analysis || The quantity of good calibration data has a direct impact on the quality of the model and the reliability of predictions based on model outputs.

...tive permeability is a dimensionless ratio that reflects the capability of oil, water, or gas to move through a formation compared with that of a single-p Water or oil permeabilities are determined on core samples after first obtaining the per

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...commercial, but, because blanket reservoirs commonly have better reservoir quality than lenticular reservoirs, they may be water bearing, as discussed previou The existence of reservoirs with appropriate quality is another important aspect to consider during the reconnaissance phase. In

''Type 4''—Impart no positive [[reservoir quality]] but create strong reservoir anisotropy and inhomogeneity<ref name=pt06r95 ...dization]] or injection of any fluids; use [[Drilling_fluid#Oil-based_muds|oil-based muds]]; enhance recovery through [[Stimulation#Hydraulic_fracturing|a

...on-marine Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous source rocks and the occurrence of oil and gas in the west central U.S.:Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists C ...than reservoir quality in direct systems because buoyant accumulations of oil require better porosity and permeability.

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...ion of a Mesoproterozoic sourced, Proterozoic sandstone reservoired, tight oil and gas play in the Beetaloo Sub-basin: The APPEA Journal, vol. 60, no. 1, ...ll et al.<ref name=Hll /> indicate excellent source rock potential for the oil-prone organic-rich intervals of the Velkerri Formation with hydrogen index

...confirms there is still room for improvement in the area of acquiring high quality, low cost core samples. ...e bullets. Freezing samples is usually a good method for stabilizing clean oil or gas sands, but is a less attractive choice as the clay and water content

..., it has been estimated that the minimum caprock membrane failure value of oil saturation is between 4.5 - 17% with an average of 10% based on buoyancy pr ...density and pressure. So that one of its uses is that it can be used as a quality control analysis.

...the largest gas field in the state of Wyoming but also the second largest oil field. Today Pinedale has become a major part of America's energy supply, p ...g fit-for-purpose rigs, improved drill-bit technology, drilling wells with oil-based mud instead of water-based mud, consistently trained and experienced

...ervoir quality]] and degrees of [[lateral]] and vertical continuity within oil and gas fields are controlled primarily by depositional factors. However, m ...field, North Slope, Alaska, in Lomando, A. J., Harris, P. M., eds., Giant oil and gas fields—A core workshop: Society of Economic Paleontologists and M

...osium on enhanced oil and gas recovery and improved drilling methods, v. 3-oil and gas recovery: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Petroleum Publishing, p. K-2/1-K-2/13.</ * Gas quality: Gas is of a thermal origin and generally composed of >90% methane, <5% eth

...07b, UK North Sea, in J. G. Gluyas and H. M. Hichens, eds., United Kingdom oil and gas fields commemorative millennium volume: Geological Society (London) ...gas pipeline to St. Fergus and the oil being exported via the Brae-Forties oil pipeline system.

...uch as compaction and cementation that decrease the volume of porosity and quality during burial of a sequence. Migration of hydrocarbon and filling of reserv ...imary stratigraphic traps in carbonate rocks which is essential to produce oil and gas. The first group form porous rocks facies either as [[lithofacies]]

...d degree of latitude. Development geologists are the most likely source of quality control for the reservoir description developed and modified for a reservoi ...[[viscosity]]) characteristics as a function of pressure for three phases: oil, gas, and water. In complex fluid mixtures, the fluid's volatility often di

...o, and northern West Virginia, reported production included condensate and oil from wells in the Marcellus Shale. ...as, down from the high of 64 Mcf reported for 2008. There was no reported oil or condensate production. In 2019, most of the productive wells were locate

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...as selected for a 2-D basin modeling study. The [[Unayzah]] fields contain oil sourced by Qusaiba shales.]] ...h Group]] in [[Saudi Arabia]], are major source rocks of the [[Paleozoic]] oil and gas accumulations in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] (Alsharhan and Nairn, 19

...ock Springs formations, with a minor contribution from the [[cracking]] of oil to gas in Almond Formation coal beds in the very deepest part of the Great ...ure, origin, and production characteristics of the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation, central Appalachian basin, United States]: AAPG Bulle

Oil and gas industry activity depends on technical, environmental, commercial a ...n are also included in this category. Based on the incremental recoverable oil (billions of barrels), super basins are grouped in regions. Leading the lis

...on the adoption and utalization of the fourth industrial revolution in the Oil and Gas sector specifically in the exploration and appraisal stage. ...ically explore the applications of the fourth industrial revolution on the oil and gas industry and identify further improvement opportunities.

...Ricinus West gas fields], Alberta, Canada, in Halbouty, M. T., ed., Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade 1968–1978: AAPG Memoir 30, p. 315–327.</re ...calculated by a volumetric analysis (see [[Reserves estimation]]). For an oil reservoir, the basic volumetric equation is as follows:

...ductivity is determined by the type of fluid present, whether it is water, oil, or gas. Afterward, the water saturation is empirically determined from the * Thermal enhanced oil recovery monitoring.

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...rences can be made with the underlying awareness of the constraint of data quality. ...arbaugh, J. W., Doveton, J. H., Davis, J. C., 1977, Probability methods in oil exploration: New York, John Wiley, 269 p.</ref> and Krumbein and Graybill.<

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|+ {{table number|1}}Significance of reservoir heterogeneity type for oil recovery<ref>WEBER</ref>

...has the lowest AI as it is acoustically softer compared to water, whereas oil sits in between. As this property is directly affected by the change in com ...bon bearing sandstones as Vp generally drops due to the presence of gas or oil however, the Vs does not affected much and therefore will produce low Vp/Vs

...shwater-based fluids Any water with inadequate concentration of cations || Oil-based mud Potassium Ammonium chloride Calcium chloride || Preflush with HCl ...on, 1986, Laboratory determination of effective liquid permeability in low-quality reservoir rocks by the pulse decay technique: 56th California SPE Regional

Hydraulic fracturing, a technique that has helped unlock vast new oil and natural gas supplies in the United States – and which has potential t ...hydraulic fracturing has resulted in historically high levels of recovered oil and gas, which has helped lower energy costs. Opposing arguments maintained

...d tubing in curved wells. SPE drilling and completion 10. SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Singapore.</ref> Avoiding early lock-ups ...estimations. In Nigeria, biosteering was used to pilot the hole along the oil-water contact with full accuracy. Bed thicknesses differed from prognosed b

* Reservoir rock quality | [[Crude oil]]–water || 0&deg; || 35

| chapter = Petroleum systems and distribution of the oil and gas fields in the Iranian part of the Tethyan Region ...57.2005.tb00087.x/abstract The influence of tectonics on the entrapment of oil in the Dezful embayment, Zagros Foldbelt, Iran]: Journal of Petroleum Geolo

...pproximately 4000 to 8500 ft below the surface across the field. Reservoir quality in the various horizons is generally poor, which mandates hydraulic fractur ...y Information Administration (EIA) based on reserves as the fourth-largest oil field and the ninth-largest gas field in the United States.

...Barmer and [[Cambay basin]]s and their relative phase ratios of [[gas]], [[oil]], and [[condensate]].]] ...eology of the Barmer Basin, Rajasthan, India, and the origins of its major oil reservoir, the Fatehgarh Formation: Petroleum Geoscience, v. 15, p. 117–1

| chapter = Shale-oil Resource Systems ...atural gas; thus, efforts to move from gas into more liquid-rich and black-oil areas have been another United States exploration and production paradigm s

...r example, in nodular dolomustone in Miocene Asmari Formation of Qaleh Nar Oil Field, Iran (Fig. 10b; Esrafili-Dizaji and Rahimpour-Bonab, 2019). Spheroid ...sian Gulf, overdolomitizaton has no significant influence on the reservoir quality (Tavakoli and Jamalian, 2019). Hence, dolomite presence can enhance, impede

.../journal-paper/SPE-10011-PA 10.2118/10011-PA].</ref> (Also see [[Reservoir quality]].) ...Morrow, and H. T. Lim, 1983, Magnitude and detailed structure of residual oil saturation: Society Petroleum Engineers Journal, v. 23, p. 311–326., 10.,

| image = Oil-field-production-geology.png | title = Oil Field Production Geology

| image = Oil-field-production-geology.png | title = Oil Field Production Geology

...ncontinuous reservoirs may also occur. In this scheme, [[fracture]]d shale-oil systems, that is, shales with open fractures, are included as shale resourc ...AAPG Memoir 60], p. 3–24.</ref> regardless of reservoir [[lithofacies]] or quality, because all the components and processes are applicable.

...ing up to eight landing zones, and all types of fluid segments (from black oil to dry gas). ...rta play has continued to progress lowering the breakeven to US$40/bbl for oil and US$2.0 MMBtu for wet gas. As activity ramps up, these values will conti

...ons.JPG|Figure 1]]). These include depleted oil and gas fields, [[enhanced oil recovery]] (EOR), deep saline formations, deep unmineable [[coal]] seams, e ...onomic benefit while additionally storing CO₂. As with depleted oil and gas fields, the potential storage capacity may be limited because of th

| image = Oil-field-production-geology.png | title = Oil Field Production Geology

...nd developed in the Spraberry 70 years ago, 50 years before unconventional oil and gas resource reservoirs were defined. The Wolfcamp Shale (Wolfberry, co ...19 decade and after early development and production acceleration in other oil-rich, unconventional resources, first in the Bakken, then in the Eagle Ford

...White, and J. P. Bhattacharya, 2000, Outcrop characterization of reservoir quality and interwell-scale cement distribution in a tide-influenced delta, Frontie ...line, 1990, The sedimentology of the Brent Group in the Cormorant Block IV oil field: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 367–396, doi: 10.11

| image = Oil-field-production-geology.png | title = Oil Field Production Geology